How open search strategies align with firms’ radical and incremental innovation: evidence from China

The purpose of this paper is to describe the ways in which open search strategies (i.e. open search breadth and open search depth) align with firms’ radical and incremental innovation. By analysing survey data collected from 162 firms in Chinese high-tech markets, we found that a firm pursuing radical innovation benefits more from open search breadth than open search depth to achieve its performance goals; in contrast, a firm processing incremental innovation benefits more from open search depth than open search breadth to improve its performance. Based on these results, managers should pay attention to the fit between open search strategies and radical/incremental innovation. This study not only contributes to the studies of search strategies by identifying the parallel relationship of open search strategies and two types of innovation, but also enriches the theory of open innovation with an empirical analysis.     

基于福利性财政支出城乡收入差距研究

基于中国1998—2012年31个省（直辖市、自治区）的省级面板数据,从地区和时间层面作为切入点构建固定效应模型和动态GMM模型,可以实证考察福利性财政支出对城乡收入差距的影响。研究表明：中国福利性财政支出在不同的时间和区域对城乡收入差距的影响表现出较大差异性;其中,教育、社会保障两项福利性财政支出占比对城乡收入差距的影响更大,医疗和财政支农支出表现出的影响相对较小,并且随着时间和区域的不同而各有正负作用。基于此,政府应该完善福利性财政支出结构,倾向于增加农村（特别是中、西部农村）福利性教育支出,并加大进城务工的民工的教育资源投入。其次,平衡城乡之间的社会保障支出比重,建立更加公平、可持续的社会保障体系     

The Effects of Fiscal Consolidation and Welfare Composition of Spending on Electoral Outcomes: Evidence from US Gubernatorial Elections between 1978 and 2006

This study attempts to make a contribution to the field of spending aspects of fiscal policy and their impacts on electoral outcome. Due to varying degrees of financial responsibilities and commitments to provide public goods and services, US state governments serve as a perfectly natural laboratory to test the electoral significance of fiscal policies. We adopt a probit model, with several specifications, to determine significant impacts of fiscal consolidation and increases in welfare spending on US gubernatorial elections from 1978 to 2006. The analyses show that voters are more concerned about the increase in debt than current budget deficits. An increase in welfare spending is negatively associated with reelection. Moreover, the impact of taxation on gubernatorial elections turns out to be insignificant. In particular, findings suggest that the political business cycle model does not hold true in US gubernatorial elections. Expansionary fiscal policy right before the election may not have crucial impacts on the chances of an incumbent winning the election.     

某住宅小区绿色建筑技术增量成本分析

本文通过对某住宅小区绿色建筑项目的造价、成本节约的分析,分析绿色建筑项目实施的合理性和经济性,并将其所带来的经济效益作为绿色建筑项目技术经济评价的关键内容,为投资决策者在方案选择上提供科学的参考依据。     

农产品营销创新方式与营销绩效的关系研究

在全球金融危机逐渐曼延的市场背景下,农产品企业的营销创新尤显重要,文章在文献综述的基础上将营销创新划分为渐进式营销创新、以技术为基础的变革型营销创新、以市场为基础的变革型营销创新三种营销创新方式,并将营销创新的前置变量市场导向划分为市场驱动导向和驱动市场导向,将这些变量与营销绩效一起构建了营销创新理论模型,并以国内191家农产品企业为样本,对模型进行实证检验。研究发现：两种变革型营销创新方式对营销绩效有显著的正向影响,而渐进式营销创新对营销绩效的影响不显著,变革型营销创新在驱动市场导向与营销绩效之间具有重要的中介效应,为二者间关系提供了新的解释。     

Public spending and economic growth: evidence from Ghana (1970–2004)

Governments undertake expenditures to pursue a variety of objectives, one of which is economic growth. This paper examines aggregated and disaggregated expenditure on economic growth in Ghana over the period 1970–2004. Expenditure on education and health represents human capital development, while expenditure on roads and waterways captures infrastructure development. The study reveals that the aggregated government expenditure retarded economic growth. The study's findings show that expenditures on health and infrastructure promote economic growth, while those on education had no significant impact in the short run. In addition, the political economy variables?namely the nature of governance (democracy) and political instability (years of changes in government and military dictatorship)?proved significant in explaining Ghana's economic growth over the study period.     

Food Stamps and Food Spending: An Engel Function Approach

Estimation of Food Stamp Program (FSP) effects has been complicated by self-selection and by a contradiction between observed spending patterns and the economic theory of consumer choice. We developed a modified version of the traditional theory, in which participant households may be partly extramarginal even if they have some cash spending on at-home food. Using Current Population Survey (CPS) data for 2001–2005, we estimated Engel functions for at-home and away-from-home food spending for FSP participants and nonparticipants. Compared to nonparticipants with the same level of total income, participants had higher at-home food spending and lower away-from-home food spending.     

AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIC DEFENCE AND SECURITY REVIEW: RECONSTITUTING A SHRINKING FORCE

This paper critically examines the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review. It is argued that despite budgetary constraints the government could build forces far more capable of power projection than envisaged under current plans. Defence is a true necessity but it does not have to be unaffordable provided risky procurement decisions are avoided.