“民工荒”条件下珠三角地区民营企业人性化管理战略选择

珠三角地区出现的"民工荒"现象已经成为困扰该地区民营企业发展的重要因素,而造成这一现象的原因主要是民营企业未注重人本管理、农民工工资待遇低,权益得不到有效保障等。民营企业为应对由于"民工荒"所造成的困境,实施人性化管理战略则成必然的选择。     

增加农民收入进而扩大农村消费需求——基于咸阳农村的调查

近几年,国家非常重视通过国内需求的扩大来刺激经济的增长这个问题,我国农业人口众多,农村消费市场潜力巨大,如果农村消费需求能够有效扩大,那么将会促进经济快速发展。影响农村消费需求的因素很多,我们通过对咸阳农村的调研,认为收入是最重要的因素,只有增加农民收入才是有效扩大农村需求的根本。     

新一轮退耕还林对农户收入影响的机理研究 ——基于赣南、鄂北农户调查的实证分析

研究目的：新一轮退耕还林补助资金即将到期之际,分析新一轮退耕还林对农户家庭收入的净效应并揭示其内在机制。研究方法：理论上阐述了新一轮退耕还林政策促进农户收入增长的作用机理,基于赣南、鄂北地区农户调查数据,利用倾向得分匹配法进行实证分析。研究结果：（1）无论是否包含退耕补贴,新一轮退耕还林政策对农户收入有正向影响;（2）退耕林种对农户收入的作用机理不同：种植经济林的农户增加了林果业收入和非农经营收入,减少了工资性收入;种植生态林的农户通过提高工资性收入,进而提高总收入水平。研究结论：新一轮退耕还林加快了农户生计转型的进程。政策实施5年后,农户形成与生态环境相适应且稳定的生产方式,为补偿政策的逐步退出创造有利条件,实现了新一轮退耕还林政策的造血功能。     

农地流转、要素配置与农户生产效率变化

研究目的：基于农户收入视角,使用2017年和2019年中国农村家庭调查数据,分析农地流转对农户要素配置及生产效率的影响,以期为推动农户经济高质量发展提供决策参考。研究方法：面板Tobit模型、DEA模型和控制函数法。研究结果：（1）农地转入提高了农户的技术效率,但对分配效率没有明显改进;（2）农地转出抑制了农户的技术效率,提升了农户的分配效率;（3）当经营规模达到13.156亩,农户实际经营规模与技术效率之间出现“倒U”型曲线的拐点;（4）从农业部门来看,农地转入显著提高了农户在传统生产环节使用机械的可能性;从非农部门来看,农地转出对劳动力迁移具有显著的正向促进作用。研究结论：农地流转较为明显地提升了农户主要经营部门的生产效率,但是对于跨部门生产效率提升并不明显。为提高农民收入与农户生产效率,需协同推动农业生产手段改进和劳动力转移规模相适应的农地流转。     

农村劳动力转移就业稳定性对土地流转的影响效应研究基于迁移异质性视角

目的 基于2017年在广东、河南、湖北、山西、云南5省所做的农户调查数据, 从迁移异质性角度, 考察了劳动力转移就业稳定性对农户土地流转的影响差异。方法 文章使用IV-Probit和IV-Tobit模型, 解决劳动力转移就业行为内生性的问题, 实现模型参数结果的无偏估计。结果 在广延边际上, 劳动力季节性非稳定转移就业对农户转入、转出土地均没有显著影响, 而常年稳定转移就业仅对农户转出土地有显著正影响, 家庭每新增1个常年在外务工者, 会使农户土地转出倾向增加9.5%;在集约边际上, 虽然稳定和非稳定的转移就业方式都降低了农地需求, 但只有常年稳定转移就业显著促进了农地供给的增加, 家庭每新增1个常年在外务工者, 会使农户土地转出数量增加8.1%。结论 促进农村转移劳动力向城市的稳定迁移和就业, 尤其是让非稳定转移就业者实现在城市的长期、稳定就业, 是解决现阶段农村土地流转市场供给不足的有效出路。     

Context matters: Oil palm production and women's dietary diversity in the tropical forest of Cameroon

Oil palm is one of the most rapidly expanding food and cash crops in many tropical regions with significant environmental implications, but also economic gains. Previous analyses have established that this expansion is associated with changing gender roles and time allocation for women. Time allocation is an important determinant of maternal and child nutrition as well as well-being. We use a rich farm household survey from a native oil palm production hotspot, Cameroon, to examine the associations between oil palm production and women's dietary diversity. Using different estimation and identification strategies with some sensitivity checks, we show that oil palm is associated with lower dietary diversity for women, measured as the minimum dietary diversity for women and the minimum adequacy diversity diet. We explore heterogeneity in the various food groups consumed by women and show that oil palm production is associated with lower consumption of mainly pulses, fruits and vegetables. These findings contrast with the literature that has established some positive dietary diversity implications of oil palm expansion in Southeast Asia. We carefully discuss these findings and argue that context matters and may explain these differences. Particularly, we show that oil palm production is negatively associated with farm production diversity in Cameroon. Notwithstanding, we also confirm previous findings that highlight that oil palm production is associated with higher income. These insights add to the debate on the implications of oil palm expansion in tropical environments. Moreover, they can guide policy in designing more tailored interventions that address nutrition issues and improve rural development.     

劳动者主人翁与劳动力商品问题新探

在社会主义市场经济条件下，劳动力不仅具有商品的形式，也具有商品的本质；劳动力商品与劳动者主人翁并不矛盾。     

商品价值创造中的三种劳动及作用

商品价值创造中的三种劳动是耗费劳动、传导劳动和凝结劳动。耗费劳动是正在进行的劳动，它是价值的源泉，本身并不是价值；传导劳动表现为劳动资料，劳动资料在本期劳动过程中起着把活劳动传导到劳动对象中去的作用；凝结劳动是凝结在劳动对象中的人类一般劳动，即价值实体。劳动对象是耗费劳动是吸收器。耗费劳动与凝结劳动既不同质也不同量，耗费劳动能否成为凝结劳动或在多大量上成为凝结劳动取决于传导劳动的效能和劳动对象对耗费劳动的吸收程度。     

Employment adjustment in two countries with poor reputations: Analysis of aggregate, firm, and flow data for Portugal and Germany

This paper supplements aggregate time-series analysis of the speed of employment adjustment with evidence from firm panel and flow data for two countries – Portugal and Germany – sharing unenviable labor market reputations. The Portuguese labor market is often portrayed as terminally inert, while that of Germany as badly ailing. We report broad consistency in the results across data sets in favor of Portugal. In benchmarking Portugal against Germany, the adverse reputation of the former – if not necessarily that of the latter country – may have been exaggerated in contemporary policy debate.We thank, without implicating, two anonymous reviewers of this journal for their helpful remarks on an earlier version of the paper.     

Nutrition and growth in Italy, 1861-1911: What macroeconomic data hide

We investigate how nutritional status responded to economic growth in Italy during 1861-1911. By combining household-level data on food consumption with population censuses, we estimate that the incidence of undernutrition decreased by at least 15% between 1881 and 1901. Income elasticity of calories in 1901 was in the range of 0.3-0.6, varying inversely with the level income. Overall, our findings do not support the pessimists’ view, ubiquitous in the Italian literature. On the contrary, the early phase of Italian industrialization was beneficial to the bulk of the population, and even more so for the poorest among the poor.