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81.
82.
Peter F. Colwell Joseph W. Trefzger 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》1994,8(1):53-69
Externalities generally are viewed as impacting land values rather than building values. Yet when locational obsolescence is attributed to externalities, the implication is that externalities impact primarily on building values. The presence of negative externalities generally does not determine whether a building suffers from locational obsolescence; the more general cause is a misallocation of land. At the market allocation, there is no locational obsolescence even in the presence of an externality, while at the optimal allocation only an externality can produce locational obsolescence. Because locational obsolescence can exist without externalities, an externality is not a necessary condition for locational obsolescence. Because an externality can be present without accompanying locational obsolescence, an externality also is not a sufficient condition for the existence of locational obsolescence. 相似文献
83.
84.
Jan Narveson 《Journal of Business Ethics》2003,46(3):201-212
The argument of the "Invisible Hand" is that the system of free enterprise benefits society in general even though it is not the aim of any particular economic agent to do that. This article proposes an analysis of why this is so. The key is that the morality of the market forbids only force and fraud; it does not require people to do good to others. Nevertheless, when all transactions are voluntary to both parties, that is exactly what we can expect to happen. This is both because the sum of the benefits of innumerable transactions, which are beneficial to both parties, is very great, but also and especially because of Positive Externalities. People use the particular products and services they get in market exchanges in ways that benefit others in ways not at all foreseen by the agents to those transactions at the time. These externalities range from the benefits of invention and ingenuity to the exercise of charity and philanthropy, all of which flourish in developed capitalist societies. 相似文献
85.
86.
苏燕茹 《四川商业高等专科学校学报》2012,(4):41-45
完善的诚信纳税激励机制要求正激励手段与负激励手段并用。我国长期以来激励手段过于单一,且以负激励为主。在税收征纳博弈过程中,引入正激励手段尤其是精神奖励可以起到激励纳税人诚信纳税的效果。因此,我国应落实正激励措施,构建和完善相应的奖励制度。 相似文献
87.
儿童产品的广告创作探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
儿童产品的广告诉求对象既可以是儿童,也可以是家长。由于两者的消费心理存在着极大差异,使得儿童产品的广告创作与一般消费品广告创作有所不同。儿童产品的广告创作应该把握儿童的广告接受特点,明确广告诉求对象,针对诉求对象分别制定不同的广告策略,同时在广告创作中要注意避免不利于儿童成长的负面影响。 相似文献
88.
沈君彬 《石家庄经济学院学报》2011,34(2):86-91
X-低效率分析是社会保障政策目标分析的一个新的研究视角。"漏桶理论"天然地诠释了社会保障X-低效率存在的原因,社会保障制度作为社会的稳定器和安全网,其政策效率目标在运作过程中会产生一定漏出量,引发X-低效率现象。政府失灵、制度设计管理缺陷、道德风险与负面激励共同构成了社会保障政策目标X-低效率的客观诱因。 相似文献
89.
Marc Baudry 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2000,16(2):161-183
We investigate how emission abatement and technological innovation provide different solutions to reduce pollutant emissions. In the case of a stock externality emission abatement leads to a smooth and continuous adjustment of emissions. Conversely, technological innovation has to be interpreted as an option on a less polluted environment and can justify the use of a pollution threshold above which it is optimal to start a research and development programme for a less polluting technology. It is shown that technological innovation interferes with the traditional emission abatement approach. The optimal abatement level is logically lowered once the less polluting technology is available; nevertheless a temporary increase in emissions is optimal during the research and development period. The usual Pigouvian tax system proves to remain an efficient corrective instrument. A numerical application to the Greenhouse effect is provided. 相似文献
90.
刘妍 《沈阳工程学院学报(社会科学版)》2009,5(3):386-388
母语负向迁移是英语学习过程中的常见现象,对于新知识的学习和掌握往往会产生负面影响.通过对各种负向迁移现象的分析,提出克服母语负向迁移的行之有效的方法--创设英语语言环境,旨在帮助英语学习者克服母语干扰,提高学习效率. 相似文献