China＇s War to Snow Havoc

Yes,the unusual disaster let us suffer,but touching and moving always remain in our hearts.Let＇s see what we could do for China＇s War to snow havoc.     

Social and Environmental Filters to Market Incentives: The Persistence of Common Land in Nineteenth‐Century Spain

The regional diversity of communal persistence in nineteenth‐century Spain has been well documented by historiographers. Although the explanation of this divergence has been attributed to the social and environmental context, together with the prevailing market incentives, that characterized the different rural societies of this period, there has been no clear assessment of the role played by each of these factors. Through a comparative study of the historical data at the provincial level, this paper analyses the relative contribution of these elements to that divergence. The results diminish the significance of market signals and show how the social and environmental conditions interacted to limit, or promote, the dismantling of the common lands. Apart from the greater need to resort to the commons when it was necessary to increase agricultural production in dry regions, this paper highlights the role of unequal levels of access to land in promoting enclosure. The Spanish case illustrates the limitations of the theories that predict the inevitable drift towards individual property rights.     

基于CNKI期刊文献的新世纪以来张家界旅游研究概要

在中国期刊全文数据库中(2000~2013年)搜索到篇名含有"张家界旅游"的文献381篇,以此作为研究样本,分析目前学术界对张家界旅游方面的研究概要。总结出有关张家界的八大研究领域,从研究内容看,排在前三位的分别是旅游开发与环境的关系探讨、生态旅游和旅游产业的研究;从时间上看,2000~2006年文献所占比较小,其余年份均达到二位数的比重;从研究者的来源看,以吉首大学为主;从研究者的身份看,以高校教师为主。通过这些研究总结,试图为张家界及遗产地的研究者提供借鉴。     

Moral philosophy and economics: the formation of François Huet's doctrine of property rights

François Huet (1814–1869), Professor of Philosophy at the University of Ghent, is known for his attempt to reconcile Christianity with socialism in Le Règne Social du Christianisme (1853). The book clearly belongs to a distinctively Belgian tradition of ‘liberal socialism’. Drawing upon archival material, we try to clarify the origins of Huet's theory of property rights. We focus on two intimately related questions: (1) Have the core ideas formulated by Huet in Le Règne been expressed and discussed before the publication of the book? (2) In what sense have reflections upon the science of economics contributed to Huet's views?     

论20世纪上半叶中国经济思想史研究——基于学术论文的考察

本文从20世纪上半叶发表的中国经济思想史学术论文入手,按不同标准对其进行了分类分析,揭示了该时期中国经济思想史的研究特点及其所具有的历史意义和理论价值。     

Migration to the agricultural frontier and wealth accumulation, 1860-1870

I use a new data set of households linked between the 1860 and 1870 censuses to study frontier migration. Households that moved to the frontier to farm were more likely than non-migrants to have been poor, landless, and illiterate, and to have had young children. Also, after controlling for observable differences, migrants had below average abilities to accumulate wealth. These findings suggest fewer opportunities for migrants to accumulate wealth in non-frontier areas and a reason for their migration. Nonetheless, migrants fared well, accumulating wealth at high rates. The gains in wealth of migrants, especially those with long tenure on the frontier, suggest the extraordinary benefits of migration.     

十六、十七世纪江南的生态农业(下)

在十六、十七世纪的江南农业中，出现了一种新经营方式。这种经营方式体现了今日我们所说的生态农业的主要特点，通过改造资源，进行多样化的生产，同时利用食物链原理，对废物进行循环利用，从而降低了投入而增加的产出，达到了较高的生产率。这种生态农业最早出现在明代中期常熟的大经营中，明清之际时在嘉湖一带已相当普遍，并为小经营所采纳。这种生态农业在江南平原逐渐普及，为江南农业的发展起到了积极的作用。     

Unfolding the Turbulent Century: A Reconstruction of China's Historical National Accounts, 1840–19121

This paper reconstructs China's economic development between 1840 and 1912 with an estimation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It provides for the first time a time series of GDP (per capita) for the late Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), based on sectoral output and value added, in current as well as in constant prices. The present estimation of per capita GDP in the late Qing period comes out higher than previous estimations, but it still suggests low average levels of Chinese living standards. The economy during the late Qing Empire was characterized by a large and growing agricultural sector and displayed only minor structural changes. Only in the beginning of the twentieth century did the economy start to show signs of growth.     

‘‘Isn't it time you were finishing?’’: Women's Labor Force Participation and Childbearing in England, 1860–1920

Abstract

This contribution examines the relationship between women's labor force participation (LFP) and fertility in three industrial towns of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century England from a feminist economic perspective. The study augments existing statistical approaches to demographic history by discussing women's motivations. Women's LFP influenced their likelihood of family limitation (via effects on both age at marriage and marital fertility). Where women were most likely to be in paid work, they were most likely to limit family size. It is further argued that the diversity of LFP patterns is the principal explanation for the varied patterns of fertility decline in different parts of Britain.     

Rehabilitating the intermediary: brokers and auctioneers in the nineteenth-century Anglo-Indian trade

The complications of long-distance trade restricted the expansion of the Anglo-Indian trade in the first half of the nineteenth century. The take-off occurred after 1850, and can be correlated to the growing number of brokers and auctioneers. This article analyses the role and effects of these intermediaries, drawing on information economics theory. A new data-set shows that volatility in supply, demand and price of indigo was reduced by half as the number of intermediaries quadrupled. Analysis shows that they were uniquely placed to reduce information asymmetries significantly improving market co-ordination. These findings positively reassess the importance of these organisations and have implications for understanding the evolution of long-distance trade in the nineteenth century.