Biology,Complexion, and Socioeconomic Status: Accounting for Nineteenth Century Body Mass Index by Race

Nineteenth‐century US whites were taller than their mulatto and darker complexioned African‐American counterparts, a pattern known as the ‘Mulatto Advantage’. If this pattern was due to social preferences, fairer complexioned whites would have had greater body mass index (BMIs) values. This study shows that late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century US BMIs differed by race, and darker complexions were associated with greater BMI values. Mulattos had greater BMI returns associated with socioeconomic characteristics, indicating that while blacks had greater BMIs than fairer complexioned whites and mulattos, part of the difference was offset by socioeconomic characteristics that favoured fairer complexions.     

世纪末中国文学创作平民化倾向兴起探析

本文结合 2 0世纪末中国社会的特殊的经济体制、意识形态、社会思潮与价值观念 ,主要以 90年代小说为研究对象 ,从经济的、思想的、读者群体与作家姿态以及文学自身发展需求等几个方面 ,试图较全面地对这一特定时期中国文学创作中平民化倾向进行初步的探讨 ,以期引起关注和研究     

20世纪中国文学与媒体的互动关系

文学艺术与媒体是一对难舍难分的孪生子。文学艺术自发生之日起，便依附于一定的媒体而存在。媒体是文学的载体，一种新的媒体的出现，往往催生着新的文学样式。回首20世纪中国文学与媒体的关系，从世纪之初兴起的小说创作热潮及历次文学思潮、流派的纷争，直到后来的新启蒙主义浪潮和电影文学、电视文学的发展，均与媒体有着密不可分的互动关系。     

面向21世纪企业管理专业教育的改革与建设

21世纪是以人为中心，以知识为发展基础的新时代，跨入21世纪，就意味着高素质人才竞争的加剧，高等教育中的管理专业教育也因此而面临着来自管理教育自身发展，来自高新技术革命，来自多元化等多方面的严峻挑战，我们必须研究科类的管理专业教育目前存在的主要问题，不断改革完善专业教育，以培养出符合新世纪要求的高素质管理人才。     

21世纪城市规划与生态机制--以衡阳市为例

城市是一个以人为体的人工生态系统，城市生态系统受城市生态机制的调控，城市规划引入生态机制，有利于城市生态系统的形成和良性循环。本文结合衡阳市城市规划工作的实践，论述了城市规划与生态机制的关系，指出了目前城市规划和建设中的问题及其引发的生态危机，提出了21世纪城市规划和建设的发展方向。     

21世纪中俄经贸前景展望

随着21世纪的来临和中国的“入世”，中俄两国经贸发展前景引人注目。虽然两国经贸合作规模不大，发展不平稳，贸易不平衡，贸易结构单一，但是，中俄两国经济发展的需要和与世界经济的接轨进一步奠定两国经贸合作的基础，能源领域的合作将会加强，从而推动两国经贸合作的全面发展。     

城市园林与城市社会生活——以南京为例

分析了20世纪末城市园林与中国城市社会生活的关系,探讨了传统园林、城市新园林在城市社会中的作用和表现,提出城市园林在社会关系建构、城市发展进程中的意义.并结合南京城市发展趋势,揭示了城市园林发展中的诸多问题,提出相应的建议.     

论20世纪上半叶中国经济思想史研究——基于学术论文的考察

本文从20世纪上半叶发表的中国经济思想史学术论文入手，按不同标准对其进行了分类分析，揭示了该时期中国经济思想史的研究特点及其所具有的历史意义和理论价值。     

Sustainability and dietary change: the implications of Swedish food consumption patterns 1960–2006

This article focuses on the changing food consumption pattern in Sweden between 1960 and 2006, and the implications of those changes for sustainability. National statistical data on the consumption of different food groups such as meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, fruit, vegetables, cereal, potatoes and sugar were compared. Overall, an increase in the consumption of meat, cheese, cream, fruit and vegetables was observed, while the consumption of milk, butter and potatoes decreased. For the sustainability assessment, three parameters were chosen: land requirement, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy use. It was shown that the Swedish diet in 2006 required more resources and produced more GHG emissions than in 1960, mainly due to the increase in the consumption of animal products.     

The Danish cattle trade during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Abstract

Danish production and exports of oxen have been the subject of frequent investigation from various points of view. Historians have chiefly tended to stress the social lop-sidedness of the trade and the dependence of these exports on the vicissitudes of the international market. While the dominant political position of the Danish nobles enabled them to monopolize the production of oxen, their economic prosperity depended on the successful maintenance of the exports.¹ Against this interpretation, however, some historians have argued that the cattle production was not only of fundamental importance to Danish agriculture but that it also made a significant contribution to the European supply. According to Erik Arup, oxen provided Denmark in the fifteenth century with an export commodity of high quality, and Astrid Friis has stressed the fundamental importance of oxen exports to the economic development of sixteenthcentury Denmark. Both interpretations, however, maintain that the production and export of oxen provided a solid economic foundation for the aristocratic rule of Denmark.²