二十一世纪的国土资源规划工作

国家、省、市、县、乡(镇)五级土地利用总体规划体系不断发展和完善。市县级矿产资源规划正在全面启动,国家、省、市、县四级矿产资源规划及其专项规划构成的矿产资源规划体系也逐步形成。国土规划方面,已于2001年8月在深圳市和天津市进行试点,将遵循“试点先行,稳步推进”的原则,拟先从试点做起,逐步积累经验,然后稳步推进。编制并实施了《国土资源“十五”计划纲要》、《“十五”西部国土资源开发利用规划》、《“十五”国土资源生态建设和环境保护规划》、《国土资源部科学技术发展“十五”计划纲要》,《国土资源部“十五”干部教育培训规划》、《地籍管理“十五”计划纲要》等。目前规划中普遍存在“重编制、轻实施、缺评估、泛调整”的问题,使得规划的科学性得不到保证,从而影响国民经济和社会的健康发展。矿产资源规划包括全国矿产资源总体规划和省(自治区、直辖市)矿产资源规划、市(地)和矿产资源大县矿产资源开发利用与保护规划。“十五”期间提出的启动国土综合整治工作由于多种原因并没有真正开展起来,十六大又明确提出要“搞好国土资源综合整治”。坚持“全面规划、分步实施,突出重点,先易后难,先行试点、稳步推进”的原则,不断发挥规划在加强资源宏观管理中的重要作用。逐步建立起稳定、多元的资源保障供应体系。积极实施“引进来”与“走出去”相结合的对外开放战略。     

War contracting and artillery production in Spain

Abstract

This article is part of a special issue on the relation between war and military enterprises in the long eighteenth century. The focus is on artillery as a military enterprise providing for the needs of the army and the navy. The paper shows the difficulties faced by Spain in producing guns (cast iron and bronze). The structure of ownership of firms, the nature of production systems, and scarcity of funding and technological shortcomings are considered. The state turned to monopolistic practices from the 1760s onwards but this change did not produce significant technological change. Contrary to expectations, wars did not stimulate production in the long run. From the early years of nineteenth century, the sector found itself overwhelmed by military invasion, financial crisis, and the decline of naval demand. Together, these factors caused the collapse of gun production.     

Accounting research and researchers of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century: an international survey of authors, ideas and publications

At the beginning of the nineteenth century the former glory of Italian accounting was overshadowed by its decline during the eighteenth century, and literature from France, England, Germany, America and other countries took centre-stage. 'Theories of accounts' (rather than 'accounting theories') dominated not merely the early but also the later part of this century when Italian accounting had regained a prominent position beside other countries. The relation of those theories to the 'charts of accounts'-which later became so prominent in Continental Europe is historically important. The controversies over personalistic versus materialistic accounts and that between entity versus proprietary theories, as well as the emergence of other theories are discussed with reference to individual authors. Diverse topics from railroad accounting and auditing to various aspects of cost accounting are investigated. Particularly important are the pioneering efforts of this period that anticipated further developments. These manifested themselves in the following ideas: entity theory, flow of funds statement, matrix accounting, different aspects of valuation, allocation and depreciation, price-level adjustments and indexation, current values, exit values, residual income valuation, managerial control, the emergence of competing accounting (and Bilanz) theories, the separation of fixed from variable costs, fixed and flexible budgeting, zero-based budgeting, PERT, transfer prices, break-even charts, variance analysis, job-order costing, labour and machine hour rates, standard costing, price determination, integrating financial and cost accounting, clean surplus theory, agricultural accounting, holding gains, and other topics. Appendix A offers an overview of Nineteenth century scholars concerned with accounting history (together with one representative work of each), and Appendix B lists the nationally (and often internationally) prominent names of accounting authors born in the nineteenth century but also or exclusively active during the twentieth century. The paper integrates approximately 400 publications of which less than half are of the English tongue.     

论21世纪初布什政府的经济单边主义

美国历任政府的对外经济政策都具有单边主义的重要特点。布什政府为了促使美国经济尽快摆脱衰退状态，进一步确保美国的世界经济霸权地位，同样推行了一系列经济单边主义政策。贸易保护主义措施、弱势美元政策、迫使他国货币升值、控制国际经济组织为本国利益服务、践踏国际环保法律等等都是布什政府经济单边主义的具体表现。同时布什政府单边主义经济政策既要服务于美国的经济利益，还要满足美国国内政治斗争与国家安全战略的需要，这是布什时期美国政府经济单边主义政策与克林顿时期的不同之处。     

黑土农田自然恢复土壤有机碳的演变

Century模型是世界上用来预测土壤有机碳趋势的重要模型之一,近20年来在农林生态系统上得到了广泛的应用;运用该模型对黑土农田自然恢复条件土壤有机碳的变化进行了预测,结果表明:Century模型可以预测黑土农田自然恢复土壤有机碳的演变;自然恢复条件下,短期内已垦黑土农田有机碳水平略有下降,20年后开始缓慢上升。     

Chemical fertilizer in transformations in world agriculture and the state system, 1870 to interwar period

The role of fertilizer in spreading commercial agriculture during the first food regime (ca 1870 to the First World War) is well established. What is less understood is the role of fertilizer in industry at this time. This paper details superphosphate fertilizer, part of a class of chemical fertilizers that emerged in the metropoles from the 1870s, and its role in the transformations in world agriculture as well as in industry. Superphosphate fertilizer was not just for the soil. The manufacture of superphosphates also provided a base for the growth of chemical industries. This growth was constitutive of industrial transformations in imperial states—the second industrial revolution—in which mass production units became integrated through a handful of chemicals. One of these chemicals is sulphuric acid, of which superphosphates require large amounts in their manufacture. As the main market for sulphuric acid through the interwar period, superphosphate manufacturing created synergies with other industries and thus made sulphuric acid cheaper. By connecting the manufacturing centres of fertilizer to the multiple farming regions undergoing accelerated commodity production, this study shows that the first food regime and the second industrial revolution were mutually constitutive moments to explain transformations in agriculture and the state system in the long 19th century.     

培育新世纪的上海支柱产业

０世纪的上海水产业以捕鱼工业为主,而２１世纪的上海水产业应以养殖工业为主。沿海都市型水产养殖工业分为三个层次：①远洋养殖工业,②城市工业化养鱼,③传统水产养殖业的机械化     

“知夫画脉”与“如入岩谷”：清初寄畅园的山水改筑与17世纪江南的“张氏之山”

清初寄畅园的改筑奠定了今日园林山水的格局，对当时园主人秦松龄“园成，向之所推为名胜者一切遂废”表述的理解，要进入17世纪明末清初江南园林山水营造转变的具体历史情境，尤其是结合“张氏之山”的认识，并通过改筑前后的对比及对相关文献的分析，从“知夫画脉”的山池经营和“如入岩谷”的谷涧体验两方面认识清初寄畅园山水改筑的具体做法，从而深化对寄畅园的山水营造特色及园林史上“张氏之山”杰出成就的认识。     

百年未有之大变局与中国共产党外交领导力

当今世界正处于百年未有之大变局,坚持走和平发展道路的中国日益走近世界舞台中央。面对世界大变局,主要大国间的竞争更加激烈和复杂,其核心内容之一是国际领导力竞争。国际领导力融合国家实力和国际影响力两大基本要素,是主观因素与客观条件交互作用的结果。作为新型大国,中国虽已在某些领域形成国际领导力,但就更广泛领域和更高层次而言仍存在不足。中国国际领导力的提升需要通过外交领导力提升来实现,作为执政党的中国共产党的外交领导力提升自然就成为中国外交领导力提升的核心内容。面对机遇与挑战并存、变数与希望同在的当今世界,中国共产党外交领导力提升的战略选择应当是:坚持中国与世界共同发展目标,把促进发展作为第一要务;坚持独立自主的外交原则,不结盟、"不打牌";始终站在国际道义制高点上,坚持正确义利观;坚持推动构建人类命运共同体,努力为世界谋大同;在国际事务中发挥引领、协调、塑造和示范作用,积极推进外交体制机制现代化。