The organisational structure of Spanish New Settlements in the eighteenth century

This paper analyses the organisational design of New Settlements (NS) of Sierra Morena, a Spanish farming and colonist project of the eighteenth century. Using archival data, historical facts during the period 1767–1772 are identified, collected and examined to understand how these settlements were structured. The reconstructions of their practices demonstrated that, in the eighteenth century, organisations already had the disciplinary techniques and dimensions of Weber's rational-legal bureaucracy. In fact, we observed the evolution of NS through three different organisational structures (configurations) to become more effective – rational – over time. This comprehensive analysis also provides evidence of how the colonies' growth (and their organisational complexity) implied changes to the co-ordination mechanisms used.     

21世纪的社会主义仍将是一个艰苦探索曲折前进的历史进程

新的世纪，要担当起社会主义建设的伟大任务，首先必须对社会主义的未来发展道路有一个清醒的认识。正确认识21世纪的社会主义仍将是一个艰苦探索曲折前进的历史进程，这是由事物自身发展规律和人们对事物的认识规律；由社会主义建设的历史起点；由社会主义建设遇到的各种现实制约因素决定的。     

家乐福在中国市场的竞争力(下)--与世纪联华的比较分析

本文认为,家乐福在中国市场上取得成功的原因,首先要归功于公司内部富有战略构想力的企业家精神和高超的政治交涉力,使商店数量得以顺利扩展;其次要归功于家乐福的战略地位,作为大型店的发起者,它有效地利用其在各地市场中的垄断地位及世界零售业中地位所产生的期待购买量;其三,家乐福成功地削减了中国连锁经营模式未进入轨道前的购买费用及物流费用;其四,形成了具有顾客指向学习能力的商店零售组合,并成功地达到一定的顾客满意度。本文从零售格式和零售组合的角度,选择了具有代表性和可比性的家乐福南方店与世纪联华的体育馆店,对其经营状态进行了定量与定性的比较分析,认为家乐福在中国市场具有强大竞争力的原因除了具有先发者优势之外,还有一个最重要的原因就是该店在食品、服装及日用杂货卖场等特别重视“顾客指向”和“顾客的满意程度”,突出了“顾客就是上帝”这一商业最高原则。     

William Huskisson and the bullion controversy, 1810 *

The debate concerning the return to the gold standard in England during and in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, and the subsequent resumption of convertibility in 1819, played a significant role in British monetary orthodoxy. Its impact culminated in the 1925 decision to return to gold at prewar parity. Examining the contribution of William Huskisson - one of the authors of the Bullion Report - to the bullion controversy I argue that he played a major role in shaping British monetary policy of the nineteenth century.     

亚洲科技与21世纪的亚洲科技格局

本文分析了亚洲各国的科技现状 ,预测了 2 1世纪里日、中、印的科学技术在亚洲三足鼎立的前景 ,并对韩国、新加坡、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、以色列、土尔其、曾属于前苏联的中亚诸国等国的科技发展态势作了估计 ,讨论了这种新科技格局对亚洲的经济、政治、军事、文化等各方面的影响     

新世纪城市总体规划的宏观背景及基本特征

本文阐述了新世纪我国城市总体规划的宏观背景、基本内涵及基本特征。并以此为基础 ,剖析了 1996— 2 0 2 0年长春市总体规划的四大特征。     

面向21世纪的世界炼油工业

介绍了２１世纪世界炼油工业面临的挑战和机遇，以及世界炼油工业采取的重大举措，提出了我国炼油工业２１世纪可持续发展的战略思考。     

Businesswomen and financial management: Three eighteenth-century case studies

This article considers how three English businesswomen managed the financial aspects of their enterprises in the 'long' eighteenth century. The discussion focuses on two areas: their ability to keep adequate records and their management of trade credit. Whereas earlier studies of women's credit transactions have argued for its specifically 'feminine' nature, it will be demonstrated that men and women conducted business credit dealings on gender neutral lines. Three case studies are presented to show that the success or failure of a woman's business depended on her commercial competence, not her gender.     

贾家谎称百年富贵的夸饰及梦幻性创意

国公,应是开国勋臣所封授的爵位.贾家的发迹与国朝的定鼎均称已历百载,家、国的基业列为同步.张道士、贾母、贾政、焦大所谈贾家隆盛富贵的历史均不超过60年,不可能是真正的国公显宦之家.曹家虽有江宁织造之皇室内府包衣的奴仆地位,也不能与国公和王妃的皇亲国戚同日而语.其真实创意在于夸饰贾府富贵无涯的典型性,整个兴衰过程充溢着梦幻性色彩.这是显现宏著社会人生之梦的关键所在.     

Modelling Population and Resource Scarcity in Fourteenth‐century England

This paper examines the empirical data relevant in the analysis of the agrarian transformation of England in the Middle Ages. It presents an empirical analysis of available data that investigates the role and extent of resource scarcity in 14th‐century England. The analysis offers a way forward for economists and historians to reach a plausible consensus about the reality of what may be one of the most important transition periods in European economic history. The insights gained throw useful light on the processes whereby agricultural relations evolved from ancient feudal structures.