形成性评估在口语测试中的应用研究

教学评估包括终结性评估和形成性评估。与终结性评估相比，形成性评估能使教师和学生及时地获得反馈信息，改善教与学的进程，提高教育质量。通过对学生进行的为期一年的口语教学和测试研究得出如下结论：新的口语测试模式可以激发学生的学习热情，能较快地提高学生的口语能力。形成性评估在口语测试中的积极效应是毋庸置疑的。     

合作原则与大学英语口语教学

随着国际化的日趋加强,英语口语教学的重要性日益突出。英语口语教学的目的是为了培养学生的交际能力,而语用能力是交际能力的一个重要的组成部分。本文旨在通过美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H.P.Grice)提出的语用学会话含义理论——合作原则,对如何提高英语口语教学提出一些合理建议。     

大学英语口语考试策略分析

随着中外交流的日益频繁，英语作为一种国际性语言作用日益凸显。口语考试也得到了进一步的重视。本文对口语考试现状及其要求做了分析并提出了突破口语考试的方法及策略。     

论英语听力理解能力的提高

英语听力是从事语言交际的一项基本能力,在听、说、读、写、译各项能力中,"听"始终排在第一位,而听的能力是各项能力中最难掌握的,长期以来,它一直是英语学习的薄弱环节。因此,提高英语听的能力是学好英语必不可少的步骤。笔者根据自身的英语听力教学经验,认为在听力学习中,要坚持精听与泛听相结合,从词汇、语音、口语、阅读、书写等语言基本功方面去着手,只有把这些因素结合运用,才能从根本上提高自身的英语听力理解能力。     

Informal employment in service industries: estimations from nationally representative Labour Force Survey data of Russian Federation

ABSTRACT

As the largest post-Soviet transition economy with substantial labour immigration and a considerable informal-sector Russia serves as an interesting case to study informal employment in the service and non-service economic sectors. The study fills the gap of the lack of empirical papers grounded on the reliable massive individual data. This article discusses almost twenty years’ dynamics of informal employment rates within the service and non-service industries based on the nationally representative Labour Force Survey primary data, collected quarterly for 2010–2015 with a sample size of about 200 thousand respondents per quarter. The unexpected finding is that the rate of informal employment is higher in non-service economic activities. Informal workers in the service sector in Russia are typically male, not very young, without tertiary education, living in urban areas. The paper also provides a comparative regression analysis on the probability of being informally employed in the service and non-service sectors.     

Multiple student learning objectives in basic business statistics: Strategies,assessment, and recommendations

The basic business statistics course is ideal for incorporating multiple objectives related to program learning goals common at most business schools. Along with quantitative reasoning skills, activities are described that allow the measurement of student outcomes related to oral communication and ethics. Strategies include the hidden curriculum approach, term projects involving real data, class presentations, and an emphasis on the ethical use of statistics. These approaches are implemented across multiple sections over multiple semesters, illustrating the untapped potential of this course for achieving multiple learning goals as well as how results can be used to refine assessment methods and improve instruction.     

Krashen控制论对大学英语口语教学的启示

我国大学英语口语教学改革迎来了前所未有的挑战,诸多问题亟待解决。美国著名语言学家Krashen控制论的五个假设为大学英语口语教学方法的转变提供了科学的理论支撑。依照该理论,教师不仅要努力为学生创造英语口语的习得和学得环境,充分向学生输入适当难度的可理解性语言素材,还要在教学过程中尽可能降低影响口语交际的情感因素,这样才能最终帮助学生实现英语口语交际能力的提高。     

从文化角度积极影响学生的英语口语学习动机

通过调查问卷和访问等形式可以发现当前非英语专业学生中普遍存在提高英语口语的迫切需求,但是真正提高口语所需的长期的练习和持之以恒的毅力,又是大部分学生所缺乏的。要想改变这一现状,一个可行的办法是在口语课堂上除了了解英语表达的基本句式、基本词汇等机械性内容之外,还必须加强体现英语语言所承载的文化内涵,从而促进学生口语学习的外在动机向内在动机转化,切实提高学生的口语练习热情和恒心,达到扎实而长远地提高口语的目的。     

市场营销说课稿——消费者行为分析

说课不仅能够体现教师的教育教学思想观念,教学能力和教学水平,同时能对高职高专教育教学改革起到导向作用。本文以《市场营销》消费者行为分析这节内容为例,对"消费者行为分析"这一单元的教学设计和实践过程进行了分析,对教学过程中采取的教学方法、教学组织以及学生学习方法的引导进行了详细的阐述,为高职高专市场营销教学改革和课程设计提供了一定的思路。     

Comparison of hospital length of stay and hospitalization costs among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation treated with apixaban or warfarin: An early view

Objective: To quantify and compare hospital length of stay (LOS) and costs between hospitalized non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients treated with either apixaban or warfarin via a large claims database.

Methods: Adult patients hospitalized with AF were selected from the Premier Perspective Claims Database (01JAN2013-31MARCH2014). Patients with evidence of valvular heart disease, valve replacement procedures, or pregnancy during the index hospitalization were excluded. Patients treated with apixaban or warfarin during hospitalization were identified. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to control for baseline imbalances between patients treated with apixaban or warfarin. Primary outcomes were hospital LOS (days), post-medication administration LOS, and index hospitalization costs, and were compared using paired t-tests in the matched sample.

Results: Before PSM, 2894 apixaban and 124,174 warfarin patients were identified. Patients treated with warfarin were older and sicker compared to those treated with apixaban. After applying PSM, a total of 2886 patients were included in each cohort, and baseline characteristics were balanced. The mean (standard deviation [SD] and median) hospital LOS was significantly (p?=?0.002) shorter for patients treated with apixaban for 5.1 days (5.7 and 3) compared to warfarin for 5.5 days (4.8 and 4). The trend appeared consistent in the hospital LOS from point of apixaban or warfarin administration to discharge (4.5 vs 4.7 days, p?=?0.051). Patients administered apixaban incurred significantly lower hospitalization costs compared to those administered warfarin ($11,262 vs $12,883; p?<?0.001).

Conclusions: Among NVAF patients, apixaban treatment was associated with significantly shorter hospital LOS and lower costs when compared to warfarin treatment.