Executive risk incentives,product market competition,and R&D

Prior studies have examined the relation between product market competition (PMC) and research and development (R&D) investments, while the impact of executive risk incentives on this relation remains unexplored. In this study, we find that Vega (the sensitivity of executives’ wealth to stock return volatility) weakens the negative relation between PMC and R&D. We also find that Vega strengthens the negative relation between PMC and firm performance when R&D investments grow higher. In sum, our results suggest that high‐Vega compensation portfolios in competitive environments may induce executives to overinvest in R&D projects, therefore hurting firm performance.     

Product Placement of Medical Products

Abstract

Product placement is a well-established marketing technique that nevertheless continues to provoke considerable criticism and debate. Likewise, direct-to-patient marketing of pharmaceuticals is legally acceptable but is controversial among ethicists and medical professionals. Little has been published regarding the ethical challenges and pitfalls involved in medical marketing, including the issues of whether medical products should be treated differently from consumer products and whether pharmaceuticals are distinct from medical devices. Discussed are examples of pharmaceutical marketing as well as an episode from the Chicago Hope television program in which a medical device was touted as a solution for a problem for which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the use of the device. Legal and ethical considerations for product placement of medical products as they influence patient demand are also analyzed, as well as some of the pitfalls that may accompany direct marketing of medical products.     

品牌标识的隐性设计线索对消费者品牌创造性感知的影响

从品牌标识的隐性设计线索特征视角切入,基于图底反转原理和溢出效用,本文研究旨在探究品牌标识的隐性设计线索对消费者品牌创造性感知的作用机理。三个实验研究结果表明：品牌标识的隐性设计线索比显性设计线索更能够增加消费者品牌创造性感知,且此效用成立的条件为：消费者自主发现隐性设计线索。同时,消费者的感知有趣性中介了此效用。此外,产品视觉审美集中度正向强化了品牌标识的隐性设计线索对品牌创造性感知的影响作用。     

Consumers’ Appreciation of Regional Certification Labels: A Pan‐European Study

Successful regional products, such as Florida oranges, Idaho potatoes and Parma ham, often have to compete against products passing themselves off as the authentic product using the exact same name. This unfair competition misleads consumers, discourages small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) from marketing products based on their region of origin, and may end up hurting rural economies. To protect consumers, and support SMEs and rural economies, many countries around the world have introduced regulations enabling SMEs to legally protect the names of their regional products. The success of these regulations largely depends on consumers’ appreciation of regional certification labels that inform consumers that the name of the regional product is protected and that it denotes the authentic product. To gain an understanding about consumers’ appreciation of regional certification labels, this paper investigates consumers’ image of these labels and proposes a model that relates this image to consumers’ willingness to buy and pay for protected regional products. The model is tested based on Regulation No. 2081/92 that was introduced by the EEC allowing European SMEs to protect their regional products and market their products with a protected‐designation‐of‐origin (PDO) label. Structural equation modelling results suggest that consumers’ image of regional certification labels consists of a quality warranty dimension and an economic support dimension, which positively relate to consumers’ willingness to buy and pay for the protected regional product. Protecting regional products and marketing them with regional certification labels may be beneficial for SMEs producing and marketing regional products. Policy and managerial implications are discussed.     

Food Beliefs: Elicitation,Estimation and Implications for Labeling Policy

We present a model in which consumers use product attributes (or labels) and their own beliefs to form expectations about the quality of a product. We use best–worst scaling to elicit beliefs, and study how information may influence these beliefs. In our ranking experiments, participants sort different milk products according to (perceived) nutritional or environmental quality, and we use the resulting choice data to recover beliefs econometrically. In a nutritional quality experiment, we measure how food labels (i.e. front‐of‐package, back‐of‐package and ratio of recommended to restricted nutrients) alter consumers’ beliefs, finding that truthful attribute information may sometimes mislead consumers. The discussion explains how similar experiments could be used to distinguish informative labels from marketing messages.     

我国沿海渔民转产转业的成本收益模型分析

对于一个理性的“经济人”来说,渔民从事渔业生产的目的是追求经济利益最大化,其转产转业行为也是在成本与收益比较下理性决策的结果.在考虑到转产转业的成本因素后,如果从事其他行业比捕捞业盈利更多,渔民就会选择从捕捞业退出,转入高盈利行业.反之,如果转产转业的收益不抵成本,渔民的转产转业行为就很难发生.     

广西现代渔业发展探析

广西是我国渔业主产省份之一,近年来广西渔业发展迅速,成效显著,但与现代渔业的要求相比,广西受整体经济发展水平偏低等因素的影响,在设施条件、产业布局与结构、市场体系、科技能力及远洋渔业等方面与其他渔业大省相比还存在一定差距。本文通过实地调研和渔业统计数据的对比分析,研究了广西渔业发展潜力和制约因素,提出广西要在充分认识当前渔业发展形势和分析自身优劣势的基础上,明确现代渔业发展的基本思路,"壮大优势、明确重点、培育新的增长点"应是广西现代渔业重点关注的几个方面。     

中小物业公司服务营销的模式研究

近年来,我国的住房改革不断推进,房地产市场进入高速发展阶段,物业管理产业也逐步发展起来,各类物业公司以各种方式进入了市场,其中形式灵活的中小物业公司发展最快,对物业管理市场的影响也最大。但是,由于中小物业的发展中存在着更多不规范的因素,因此存在的问题也最多。作者认为,物业管理行业是属于服务业,根据现代服务管理的研究成果,服务业就是以服务产品价值取得企业效益的,价值形成的关键就是服务产品的设计。这样对于发展中的中小物业公司来讲,建立一套设计符合业主需求的服务产品的模式是非常重要的,这是其服务升级和规范化的一个必经阶段,也是其形成利润源泉的关键。     

元宝枫油的市场开发策略

分析元宝枫油的研究进展、效益状况、市场预测和市场定位,提出将元宝枫油作为保健品进行市场开发的思路,指出元宝枫油在中、老年市场、青年女性和婴幼儿市场上具有相当大的竞争优势,提出在“融入日常生活的绿色环保保健油”的经营理念指导下,通过创意构思、应用市场营销策略的市场开发策略,达到将一个新型产品推向市场的目的。     

Performance expectations of small firms considering radical product innovation

Performance expectations influence business decisions such as investment decisions and demand for supplies, particularly in small firms with limited strategic planning. Despite widespread use of performance expectations by firms and governments when making sales forecasts and economic outlooks, surprisingly little research exists about how small firms form performance expectations. This paper contributes to reduce this knowledge gap by analyzing performance expectations of small firm managers operating in markets with radical product innovations. This paper proposes a model and hypotheses, which explain performance expectations of small firm managers based on firms' current success, radical product innovation, and variables that indicate firms' ability to respond to customer needs for radical product innovation. Data from 200 decision-makers in a real decision-making context support the model. The results show that performance expectations in small firms are only to a limited extent a naïve extrapolation of current success: radical product innovation and small firm's ability to respond to customer needs for radical product innovation influence performance expectations.