The Reasons of Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas in China and its Policy Suggestions

This paper points out that one of the main reasons for income gap between urban and rural areas in china is difference of human capital reserve on education which are decided by Chinese government＇s urban area privileged policy and the current education system. This paper also compares the different human capital reserve in two area, and analyzes the under-qualified human capital reserve in rural areas is resulted by these following reasons： The shortage of public spending in compulsory education for several decades has contributed to low school attendance and the great illiteracy beyond urban areas; the inefficient educational system has caused peasants to lose interest in education; No support for adult education has closed the doors for adults to earn money in non-agricultural industries. Vocational schools cannot attract the huge number of potential customers since their curricula and skills are out of date. As policy suggestions, governments should invest enough money in compulsory rural education, and creating a pragmatic rural education system is also vital.     

Additionality of public R&D grants in a transition economy

This paper examines the input and output additionality of public R&D subsidies in Western and Eastern Germany. We estimate the impact of public R&D grants on firms’ R&D and innovation input. Based on the results of this first step we compare the impact of publicly funded private R&D on innovation output with the output effect of R&D funded out of firms’ own pockets. We employ microeconometric evaluation methods using firm‐level data derived from the Mannheim Innovation Panel. Our results point towards a large degree of additionality in public R&D grants with regard to innovation input measured as R&D expenditures and innovation expenditures, as well as with regard to innovation output measured by patent applications. Input additionality has been more pronounced in Eastern Germany during the transition period than in Western Germany. However, R&D productivity is still larger for the established Western German innovation system than for Eastern Germany. Hence, a regional redistribution of public R&D subsidies might improve the overall innovation output of the German economy.     

WTO规则与我国行政许可原则的确立

目前,有关我国加入WTO的经济贸易法律调整与应对问题,国内学者们已多有论述。而有关我国公共行政领域法律制度的相应协调与变革,则开始成为需要进一步加强研究的课题。行政许可是国家行政管理的重要手段之一,在国内,依法行政的呼声日益高涨,与我国刚加入WTO的国际形势下探索行     

企业公益支出效用的理论分析

企业的公益支出不仅可以改善企业的形象,而且可以为企业的投资者和职工直接带来非经济上的效益.它所产生的效果可直接成为投资者的投资目的,也可以成为职工的劳动报酬的内容之一.它用于改善企业形象的部分和用于为投资者、劳动者带来非经济收益的部分所占的比例,随着企业公益支出总额的增加而按一定的规律发生变化.     

乡镇财政规范建设问题的探讨

乡镇财政规范建设的程度不仅关系到我国财政体系的整体规划，而且对我国基层政权的运转及社会的稳定发展都有一定的影响。本在对我国乡镇财政现状的分析基础上，提出乡镇财政规范建设的思想。     

中国农村公共品供给制度变迁的宏观观察与求解

农民负担问题在实质上是以一种中国特有的连续性、渐进性和系统性制度变迁为促引的利益重组问题 ,只有建构一种以保障农民权益为核心的农村公共品供给制度 ,才能适应我国农村的基本经营制度和现代家庭农业的存在与发展     

对传统财政支出原则的辨证认识

传统的财政支出原则带有明显的计划体制的烙印,但是作为财政支出原则,它毕竟反映了财政支出实践活动所必须遵循的共同规律的要求.在公共财政模式下,传统的财政支出原则以新的实现形式仍然可以对财政支出分配发挥指导作用.     

试论公共政策法律化的限度

在现代法治社会中,公共政策与法律皆不可或缺.饱经法律虚无主义的中国社会,在走向法治主义的进程中难免出现泛法治主义的倾向.公共政策法律化虽然是政策发展的趋势和法治社会的要求,但并非所有公共政策都可以且都能够实现法律化.公共政策法律化应当有其合理的限度.     

试论警犬技术在铁路治安保卫中的作用及其应用

警犬具有听觉、嗅觉发达，防御机能强，扑咬凶猛等得天独厚的特点，现广泛地应用于铁路治安保卫工作中，可执行巡逻、警戒、看守、处理突发事件等任务，能够降低发案率、预防和打击犯罪。本文从警犬技术的特点和作用出发，论述了警犬在铁路治安保卫工作中的使用范围、方法和程序。