Reflexiones sobre el tratamiento de la crisis del empleo en Europa

Europa sufre desde el decenio de 1970 una crisis crónica del empleo que ha cobrado dimensiones sin precedentes con la crisis económica actual. Para comprenderla, la autora hace un balance del diálogo social y de los pactos sociales sobre reformas laborales y de los regímenes de pensiones, evalúa las políticas activas de mercado de trabajo y analiza las economías resilientes; concluye demostrando la necesidad de reinventar el diálogo social y la protección social teniendo en cuenta las transformaciones socioeconómicas actuales, reorientar el crédito hacia las PYME, activar la demanda de trabajadores y coordinar las políticas macroeconómicas a escala internacional.     

Government Size,the Role of Commitments*

We explore the hypothesis that long‐term commitments affect the dynamics of government expenditure. With the aid of a simple median‐voter model we interpret the pattern of increasing‐then‐constant tax rates observed in OECD countries in the second half of the last century: persistence of public expenditure and a lower bound on new interventions will push government size upward, and preferences of the electorate put a halt to this growth at some point. In this view, the fiscal policy variable is seen to consist of only a part of the total expenditure, the rest being predetermined by its past level.     

Cournot Competition and Hit-and-Run Entry and Exit in a Teaching Experiment

Instructors can use a computerized experiment to introduce students to imperfect competition in courses on introductory economics, industrial organization, game theory, and strategy and management. In addition to introducing students to strategic thinking in general, the experiment serves to demonstrate that profits of a firm fall as the number of competitors is increased in a market and that firms enter profitable markets. The authors have used the experiment in undergraduate classes on strategy and management as well as in master of business administration courses with great success.     

Media,Education and Corruption: Investigating the Associations

We study the interactive association of press freedom, access to media and education with a nation's corruption levels. A free press generates unbiased information that greater access to the media helps propagate; and a greater degree of education, in the same context, helps individuals apply that information. This entire process generates a vigilant and corruption‐free economy. It is therefore important to consider these factors in conjunction.     

A LONG‐RUN VIEW OF THE UNIVERSITY GENDER GAP IN AUSTRALIA*

Australian universities were first established in the 1850s, well before the introduction of compulsory schooling. From the middle of the twentieth century, the introduction of mass secondary school education and the expansion of the number of universities widened student access to universities. Subjects offered in higher education increased in scope and labour market discrimination diminished. These factors, together with supply‐side changes, meant that women were more easily able to shift into investing in skills. By 1987, Australian women were more likely than men to be enrolled at a university. These aggregate figures, however, disguise considerable heterogeneity across fields of study.     

基于赤道原则的移民安置行动计划

文章简述了赤道原则体系及其适用范围,以老挝南塔河1~#水电站为实例,探讨了移民安置行动计划与赤道原则的符合性。研究认为,该项移民安置行动计划与赤道原则具有一致性。     

Export diversification: How much does the choice of the trading partner matter?

This paper studies how a country's export diversification varies across destination markets. It develops an extension of the Romalis (2004) model which yields two testable predictions. According to the first, exports between similarly endowed countries (“South–South” and “North–North”) are more diversified than exports between differently endowed countries (“South–North” and “North–South”). The second implication is that, for given countries' production patterns, low bilateral trade costs lead to greater export diversification. These predictions find empirical support in a panel of 102 trade partners and 4998 HS-6 industries over the period 1995–2007. Results show that similarities between trading partners in physical capital, land and human capital endowments per worker are associated with more diversified bilateral exports. Exports are also more diversified when bilateral trade costs are relatively low.     

Information-based trade

We study the possibility of trade for purely informational reasons. We depart from previous analyses (e.g. Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) [22] and Milgrom and Stokey (1982) [32]) by allowing the final payoff of the asset being traded to depend on an action taken by its eventual owner. We characterize conditions under which equilibria with trade exist.     

Cost-effectiveness of Viridal Duo compared to MUSE and Viagra in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in the UK - a preliminary model

Summary

This study estimated the cost-effectiveness of starting erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment with Viridal Duo relative to MUSE and Viagra over one year, from the perspective of the National Health Service. Decision analysis techniques were used to estimate the expected costs and consequences of managing ED, stratified by initial treatment. The model was based on estimates of clinical outcome and resource use obtained from published literature and a Delphi panel.

Viridal Duo is a registered trademark of Schwarz Pharma;

MUSE is a registered trademark of Astra Pharmaceuticals;

Viagra is a registered trademark of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare

Starting ED treatment with Viridal Duo instead of Viagra leads to an average 0.8 additional months during which a man can achieve successful erections (from 6.5 to 7.3 months) over one year, for an additional cost of £106 per patient (from £369 to £475). Starting ED treatment with Viagra instead of MUSE leads to an average 1.1 additional months during which a man can achieve successful erections (from 5.4 to 6.5 months) over one year and reduces the cost per patient by £85 (from £454 to £369).

Fifty-two percent of patients who start treatment with Viridal Duo continue successfully over one year. This compares to 38% and 18% of patients who start treatment with Viagra and MUSE respectively. Eighty-seven percent of the total success with Viridal Duo can be directly attributed to this treatment when used first-line. In contrast, 68% and 44% of the total success attributed to Viagra and MUSE respectively can be attributed to these treatments when chosen first-line. Moreover, an additional 44% and 27% of the expected total success with MUSE and Viagra is attributable to Viridal Duo.

Starting ED treatment with Viridal Duo rather than MUSE, when Viagra is either unavailable or contraindicated, increases the period during which a man can achieve successful erections by 1.8 months (from 5.5 to 7.3 months) for an additional cost of £14 per patient (from £460 to £474). Additionally, in patients who have previously failed Viagra, starting second-line treatment with Viridal Duo rather than MUSE leads to an average 1.6 additional months during which a man can achieve successful erections (from 4.0 to 5.6 months) over one year and reduces the cost per patient by £15 (from £493 to £478).

In conclusion, Viridal Duo is clinically more effective than Viagra and MUSE. Therefore, starting ED treatment with Viridal Duo instead of Viagra or MUSE increases the period during which a man can achieve successful erections, albeit for an additional cost. In patients who have previously failed first-line treatment with Viagra, starting second-line treatment with Viridal Duo instead of MUSE increases the period during which a man can achieve successful erections (by 40% at one year) and reduces healthcare costs (by £15 per patient).     

Intensidad en empleo a largo plazo del crecimiento del producto sectorial en Túnez

Se examina la capacidad a largo plazo de Túnez de generar empleo. Con datos de panel de 15 sectores económicos de 1983–2010, los autores estiman sus elasticidades producto‐empleo a largo plazo utilizando el estimador de media grupal. Según sus resultados, la política económica debería orientarse a los sectores más intensivos en empleo: servicios y manufacturas exportadoras. Destaca la incapacidad del sector minero de absorber mano de obra, por lo que la inversión en el mismo no será productiva; asimismo, el crecimiento sin empleo a largo plazo de la hotelería y restauración induce a pensar que deberían fomentarse más las actividades paraturísticas que las turísticas.