论按生产要素分配的前提条件

就收入分配制度，十五大报告中明确提出，要把按劳分配与按生产要素分配结合起来。那么，实现按生产要素分配也需具备一定的条件，本文对此展开讨论。认为：明确界定生产要素的产权、贯彻公平原则、培养要素市场体系等可以为按生产要素分配原则起保驾护航的作用。     

论非智力因素培养与责任教育

非智力因素在学生学习活动中起着重要的促进或抑制作用。目前高职院校大学生在非智力因素方面存在着较为普遍的问题,其根源在于责任意识不强。需从责任教育入手,培养大学生的非智力因素。     

The International Marketing Environment

Abstract

The article analyzes the content of 18 international marketing academic textbooks with regard to factors comprising the global marketing environment. Three broad categories of factors are identified, the macro (i.e., physical, demographic, and socio-cultural), meso (i.e., economic, political-legal, and technological), andmicro (i.e., intermediaries, competitors, market, and customers). In each of the subcategories, 10 different factors affecting global marketing were extracted. By measuring the extent of coverage given to each factor in each textbook, the relative emphasis placed collectively was established. These results were subsequently compared and contrasted to the views of 71 academics teaching international marketing; revealing the existence of gaps between the importance attached to most of the elements comprising the international marketing environment, and the coverage provided in academic textbooks.     

银行机构扩张、支付工具改进与城镇储蓄存款增长——制度变量对货币需求影响的一个分析视角

规模变量、机会成本变量及制度变量是决定货币需求的三个因素,但一直以来货币需求研究主要聚焦于规模变量及机会成本,而较少考虑制度变量的影响。本文以银行机构及支付工具作为制度变量,从理论推导与实证分析两个方面探讨其对货币需求的影响,结论表明改革开放以来商业银行机构扩张及支付工具的改进节省了城镇居民的现金需求,而推动了城镇储蓄存款的增长。     

Expansion of Japanese Retailers Overseas

Abstract

There have been a number of studies of foreign retail entry into Japan but few that consider the moves of Japanese retailers to other Asian countries. Nonetheless expansion into Asia of Japanese retailers, notably since the early 1990s, has been considerable. Many have been attracted by the large size of several national markets. Large Japanese trading houses have played a significant direct and indirect role in the international moves of Japanese retailers. China has become the major place of investment for Japanese retailers with 21 retail companies established by Japanese firms. The history of the internationalisation of Japanese retailing shows three phases of development. A first phase is characterised by department stores, a second phase is a slowing of activity in the late 1990s and a third phase of rapid expansion is presently evident. The key to the current phase is the establishment and strength of non-retail supply firms in the same East Asian region into which retailers wish to expand.     

Under-reporting of road traffic crash data in Ghana

Having reliable estimates of the shortfalls in road traffic crash data is an important prerequisite for setting more realistic targets for crash/casualty reduction programmes and for a better appreciation of the socio-economic significance of road traffic crashes. This study was carried out to establish realistic estimates of the overall shortfall (under-reporting) in the official crash statistics in Ghana over an eight-year period (1997–2004). Surveys were conducted at hospitals and among drivers to generate relevant alternative data which were then matched against records in police crash data files and the official database. Overall shortfalls came from two sources, namely, ‘non-reporting’ and ‘under-recording’. The results show that the level of non-reporting varied significantly with the severity of the crash from about 57% for property damage crashes through 8% for serious injury crashes to 0% for fatal crashes. Crashes involving cyclists and motorcyclists were also substantially non-reported. Under-recording on the other hand declined significantly over the period from an average of 37% in 1997–1998 to 27% in 2003–2004. Thus, the official statistics of road traffic crashes in Ghana are subject to significant shortfalls that need to be accounted for. Correction factors have therefore been suggested for adjusting the official data.     

试论按生产要素分配与加强宏观调控

随着经济体制改革的深入，市场机制已成为我国经济体制的主要调节机制。按生产要素分配是市场机制分配功能的直接体现。在这种分配方式大大提高经济效率的同时，也为我们带来了收入上的巨大差距，我们应该努力加强在收入分配领域的宏面调控，使广大人民走上共同富裕的道路。     

Individual Responsibility within Organizational Contexts

Actions within organizational contexts should be understood differently as compared with actions performed outside of such contexts. This is the case due to the agentic shift, as discussed by social psychologist Stanley Milgram, and the role that systemic factors play in shaping the available alternatives from which individuals acting within institutions choose. The analysis stemming from Milgram’s experiments suggests not simply that individuals temporarily abdicate their moral agency on occasion, but that there is an erosion of agency within organizations. The point about the erosion of agency is deepened in the discussion of a case study which illustrates the difficulty of identifying even the bare “ownership” of actions within organizations. While this is the case, explicating these reasons suggests that both individual actors and firms can bear ethical responsibility within organizational contexts. As part of the effort to present the whole picture, business ethics courses should introduce students to the relevant insights from social psychology and human factors research.