British co-operative societies as retail innovators: Interpreting the early stages of the self-service revolution

This article examines the early stages of the self-service and supermarket innovations in post-war Britain. It does so in the context of co-operative retailers and in particular investigates both why such organizations were pre-eminent in the adoption of self-service as well as how they interpreted the innovation. These ideas are framed within a more general discussion of the ‘models’ of retail innovation and especially the notion of format innovations.     

Urban and suburban retail development in Albania's capital after socialism

This article discusses trends in the distribution of retail development in Tirana (the capital of Albania) and its surrounding areas. The story of these trends in Tirana exhibits unique characteristics connected to the city's exceptional population growth and exceptional densification since the end of the communist era in 1990. Tirana provides an example of how a center city can continue to dominate retail commerce when there are very limited restraints on residential and commercial density in the inner city and very limited foreign investment in retail development.     

基于零售专业技能转移视角的外资零售企业在华战略比较研究

以沃尔玛、家乐福、麦德龙、TESCO乐购、欧尚和卜蜂莲花这六家外资零售企业为例,从零售专业技能转移的视角分析了外资零售企业在华的物流运作模式、区位布局战略、赢利模式、进入模式、店铺营销模式和业态模式,揭示了外资零售企业在华战略的一般规律,这对于外资零售企业在华发展,对于中国本土零售企业未来的国际化发展与当前国内市场的跨区域扩张都有着借鉴的价值。     

The Outlook for European Grocery Retailing: Competition and Format Development

This article analyses retail trends in the main European countries, and particularly format evolution and competition amongst retailing firms. On the basis of the existence of European retailing landscapes that are sometimes similar without ever being identical, the article analyses the impact of the main factors of change on different national markets. Whilst retail internationalisation and new entrants, commercial policy, legislative environments, technological innovations, consumers and buying behaviour will have a convergence effect on different countries' retail structures, substantial differences will still exist. European retailing in the coming years will probably be characterized by increasingly less marked differences between countries than one finds today, but market segmentation, variety and differentiation of retailing formats and brand names will be stronger within each country.     

A Huff model with firm heterogeneity and selection. Application to the Italian retail sector

ABSTRACT

In this paper, firm heterogeneity (in terms of productivity, i.e., marginal costs) is incorporated into a Huff model of competition in the Italian retail sector. A higher market potential in the trade area is associated with higher average productivity and lower productivity dispersion through selection of the best stores. The analysis, based on a unique data set encompassing 14,212 Italian retailers, finds support for this relationship in Southern Italy, but not in Northern and Central Italy (where opposite results are obtained in some cases), suggesting the selection dynamics are affected by context factors (other than provincial/regional accessibility) related to an upper geographical scale. The results are robust to controlling for local context factors such as financial risk and floor size restrictions. Floor size restrictions are found to enhance selection.     

上市连锁零售企业资本结构影响因素实证分析

利用多元回归分析方法研究了我国上市连锁零售公司资本结构的影响因素。研究表明:上市连锁零售公司规模与资本结构正相关;盈利能力、营运能力、偿债能力与资本结构负相关;而企业成长性和国有股所占比重与资本结构无关。     

Entry into Swedish Retail and Wholesale Trade Markets

This paper examines, using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model, what determined entry into the Swedish retail and wholesale trade markets between 1990 and 1996. According to the results, high returns on equity and low sunk costs seemed to attract more entry into retail trade industries, while recent entry and higher total industry sales were associated with more entry into both retail and wholesale trade local markets.     

The Role of Retail Competition,Demographics and Account Retail Strategy as Drivers of Promotional Sensitivity

We study the determinants of sensitivity to the promotional activities of temporary price reductions, displays, and feature advertisements. Both the theoretical and empirical literatures on price promotions suggest that retailer competition and the demographic composition of the shopping population should be linked to response to temporary price cuts. However, datasets that span different market areas have not been used to study the role of retail competition in determining price sensitivity. Moreover, little is known about the determinants of display and feature response. Very little attention has been focused on retailer strategic decisions such as price format (EDLP vs. Hi-Lo) or size of stores. We assemble a unique dataset with all U.S. markets and all major retail grocery chains represented in order to investigate the role of retail competition, account retail strategy, and demographics in determining promotional response. Previous work has not simultaneously modeled response to price, display, and feature promotions, which we do in a Bayesian Hierarchical model. We also allow for retailers in the same market to have correlated sales response equations through a variance component specification. Our results indicate that retail strategic variables such as price format are the most important determinants of promotional response, followed by demographic variables. Surprisingly, we find that variables measuring the extent of retail competition are not important in explaining promotional response.     

京、津、沪、粤大型零售企业发展的比较及启示

本文对京、津、沪、粤等大城市零售企业的发展进行研究,并从中找出规律性的东西,这对于我们进一步发展、壮大我国商业大集团有着重要而积极的意义。     

消费者SM的利用构造分析

目前,中国的流通产业正处于变革期,同时零售业也面临着巨大的环境改变。在这种背景下,出现了一些新型的零售业态,尤其是超市SM(SuperMakert)。SM要确保在和相同业态的竞争中获得优势,以及如何满足日趋个性化的消费者的需要显得尤为重要,因此通过对消费者SM的利用构造调查,运用结构方程分析法,对消费者SM的利用构造进行分析探讨。