Ordinal Methodology in the Analysis of Likert Scales

Likert scales are widely used in survey studies for attitude measuring. In particular, the questionnaires propagated by the SERVQUAL approach are based on Likert scales. Though the problem of attitude suggests an ordinal interpretation of Likert scales, attitude survey data are often evaluated with techniques designed for cardinal measurements. The present paper discusses the interpretation of scales for attitude measuring and gives a survey of data analysis techniques under the proper ordinal understanding.     

Can PIGLOG preferences identify equivalence scales?

This paper clarifies the conditions under which PIGLOG and extended PIGLOG preferences can identify household equivalence scales. The results are of interest to practitioners who have to elect preferences suitable for welfare analysis. It also shows that independent of the base utility equivalence scales are the same whether the budget shares of the demand systems are linear or quadratic in log income. (JEL: D11, D13) The author is grateful to an anonymous referee for several helpful suggestions.     

电子衡器的浪涌保护器设计应用

本文阐述了电子衡器产生浪涌电压的机理;介绍了浪涌保护器的特性及常用浪涌吸收保护器,并给出瞬态过电压分级保护措施以及分级保护器件使用。旨在解决电子衡器在浪涌电压和防雷环境中稳定工作问题。     

北京市二手住宅价格影响机制——基于多尺度地理加权回归模型(MGWR)的研究

文章基于多尺度地理加权回归研究北京市2011—2017年二手住宅交易的价格特征,结果表明:①以往基于经典地理加权回归模型的研究可能存在一定的不稳健,而多尺度地理加权回归可以将不同变量对于因变量的影响尺度反映出来,其回归的结果更为可靠。②北京房价对区位因素非常敏感,且存在高度的空间异质性,区位的影响尺度是所有变量中最小的,接近于街道尺度。而卧室数量和到最近地铁站的距离为全局尺度的变量,在空间上的影响较为平稳。到公交站的距离、到小学的距离、建筑结构和装修状况对于房价的影响不显著。其他显著的变量均存在一定的空间异质性,其空间尺度由小到大分别为成交时间、面积、楼龄、楼层、朝向。③区位、朝向、卧室数量、成交时间均正向影响房价,而面积、楼龄、楼层、到地铁站的距离负向影响房价。所有影响因素中区位是影响房价的最主要因素,其次是成交时间朝向。面积成交时间、朝向和到最近地铁站的距离影响较大,所在楼层、卧室数量对于房价的影响较小,而面积和楼龄的影响最弱。     

Pensions for Singles and Couples

Retirement policies often seek to set pensions at levels that enable single and married pensioners to have the same standard of living. The existing literature on consumer equivalence scales provides little assistance in reaching this policy objective, as the estimated scales are both imprecise and reliant upon strong and opaque assumptions. This paper proposes an alternative modeling strategy which has low data requirements and involves the use of detailed, but transparent, assumptions about the extent of joint consumption of particular commodities. These assumptions are embedded in an economic model of household consumption and combined with household expenditure data to calculate consumer equivalence scales. It is estimated that, in 2003–04, Australian couples of Age Pension age who owned their own home needed expenditures between 1.32 and 1.60 times that of a single person. These scales were lower than those used in the pension system.     

文化生态保护研究尺度与进展

文化生态保护是当下理论界和政府重点研究的课题之一，适宜的研究尺度对加强文化生态保护理论研究和实践具有重要意义。宏观尺度研究文化生态系统、文化多样性，中观尺度研究特定区域、民族的文化生态变迁与保护，微观尺度研究文化生态因子的发展、变迁。立足于中观和微观尺度，以宏观尺度为指导，坚持保护第一扣可持续利用原则，开展跨学科、综合性的研究，是文化生态保护研究的主要趋势。     

Fuzziness and Bias in Decision-Making Processes Using an Arithmetic Mean Criterion

Grade averaging (by arithmetic mean) is often performed as an attempt to assess overall student performance. In the case of grade comparison originating in non-equivalent scales, rank errors and absurd averaging may result. As averages are sometimes used for candidate selection, the paper dicusses how decisions based on arithmetic mean interpretation may be true, false, or fuzzy, according to different categories of participating candidates. A two stage selection process is analyzed from the perspective of candidate categories. The impact of the choice of asessment scale on the decision-making process is also evaluated and statistical biases are identified. The relevance of using a uniformity criterion is demonstrated.     

商业银行行长胜任力模型研究

商业银行行长对于商业银行的发展和成长至关重要,采用什么标准来选拔和培育银行行长成为银行利益相关者关注的焦点.胜任力模型的研发为此提供了一个全新的视角.本文应用行为事件访谈法(BEI),并通过对不同绩效行长胜任力特征的差异比较,构建了商业银行行长胜任力模型.行长胜任力模型包括9项超越性胜任力特征和13项基准性胜任力特征.最后,本文就如何将行长胜任力模型运用于商业银行行长选拔、培训、绩效考核,后备行长选拔以及行长职业生涯规划等人力资源模块进行了深入探讨.     

The benefits of using reduced item variable scales in marketing segmentation

This study investigated the use of two reduced item constructs in marketing research, Involvement Scale and Consumer Expertise and their relationships. Previous findings suggested that both constructs could use reduced items and that they would be useful as marketing segmentation tools. Response rates to consumer questionnaires are declining; therefore, shorter questionnaires in marketing communications are more likely to be completed. This study establishes the current reliability of using these two reduced item constructs in automotive research and tests their validity using triangulation questions. Data collection used a novel approach in which respondents to a motor show used the new Apple iPad to complete an online questionnaire. Results revealed that the reduced item constructs are reliable and valid and would be useful for research involving large ticket items. They would be particularly useful to researchers where they are used as part of, rather than the main focus of, the research.