浅谈我国中小企业融资

随着社会主义市场经济的不断发展,我国中小企业在国民经济中的作用越来越大,但资金短缺一直束缚着中小企业的发展。因此,本文拟述我国中小企业在国民经济中扮演怎样的角色,宏观经济政策对企业融资的影响及如何制定中小企业最佳融资决策。     

A Compendium of Multi‐Item Scales Utilized in Logistics Research (2001–10): Progress Achieved Since Publication of the 1973–2000 Compendium

Forty years have passed since the first multi‐item measurement scales were employed through survey research to better understand important logistics concepts. Through the years, four leading logistics journals have published research containing a total of 1,670 scales within 283 articles. A 42% increase in utilization has occurred during the most recent decade. The research fully discloses the conceptualization, composition, and properties of the multi‐item survey scales utilized in the study of logistics and supply chain management theory and practice. By documenting each scale published from 2001 to 2010, the authors make comparisons with results from the 1973–2000 study. Primary findings indicate an increase in the percentage of research utilizing multi‐item scales, and an increase in the application of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has assisted in producing more highly acceptable psychometric properties of the scales. This implies that researchers are utilizing more highly developed scales and following strict scale‐development procedures for building more robust scales to measure concepts important for advancing our knowledge of logistics and supply chain management. The top four conceptual categories for the scales have remained the same since 1973 and account for greater than half of the scales published. Eight additions to the categories since 2001 pertain greatly to controlling our supply chains for customer, brand, and overall security benefits. The compendium of scales provides a central document to reference as researchers seek to employ highly developed survey measures.     

Construct heterogeneity and proliferation in advertising research

Abstract

This paper presents results from a study of measurement practice in leading advertising journals. The focus is on heterogeneity in measurement operationalizations of the same construct and construct proliferation (i.e. when constructs have different names but overlapping content). These issues were addressed by analyzing the measurement operationalizations in all articles published in three leading advertising journals between 2012 and 2014. Results show considerable heterogeneity in the operationalizations of three common advertising constructs (ad credibility, ad irritation and perceived humour) for which almost every study used a unique operationalization. Results also show considerable construct proliferation as different names were used for the same constructs and there was overlap in the operationalizations of several advertising constructs. The paper offers a discussion of implications for advertising research and suggests steps that can be taken towards improving measurement practice.     

Estimation of Equivalence Scales Under Convertible Rationing

This paper provides estimates of equivalence scales based on three Quadratic Almost Ideal type models of the food share with coupon resale, and on their extended versions. A chief feature of the models is the method of dealing with infrequency of zero expenditure on coupon goods through imputation. The models are applied to an Iranian wartime budget survey. The results indicate little scope for measurement error. However, they also reveal a strong cross‐section price effect, which proves robust to a variety of checks. The effect of price heterogeneity proves critical in identification of the scale estimates, providing relatively rare empirical evidence consistent with the Base Independence (BI) hypothesis. The BI food share estimates of cost of children have plausible values.     

酸再生铁粉配加铁鳞制备海绵铁试验研究

为了更好地降本增效,合理利用太钢伴生资源,进行了利用酸再生铁粉、铁鳞等原料制备海绵铁的试验研究。试验表明,酸再生铁粉配加铁鳞生产海绵铁工艺上可行;配加量为40%～50%为宜。同时,建议内配一定量碳,减少海绵铁在冷却过程中的二次氧化,以提高海绵铁金属品位。     

Ultra high frequency volatility estimation with dependent microstructure noise

We analyze the impact of time series dependence in market microstructure noise on the properties of estimators of the integrated volatility of an asset price based on data sampled at frequencies high enough for that noise to be a dominant consideration. We show that combining two time scales for that purpose will work even when the noise exhibits time series dependence, analyze in that context a refinement of this approach is based on multiple time scales, and compare empirically our different estimators to the standard realized volatility.     

探索中小企业存在与发展的理论和现实意义

不论是在发展中国家还是在发达国家，中小企业近十几年来都得到充分发展，并对世界各国经济与社会发展起到重要作用。本试从经济理论与实际出发，分析中小企业存在与发展的原因和重要意义，以期望为我国中小企业发展战略与发展方向提供借鉴意义。     

Equivalizing Incomes: A Normative Approach

The paper deals with the comparisonof living standards and investigates two normative methods ofderiving equivalizing transformations for a population whichhas different household types. The first one equates the utilitylevels of representative household members belonging to differenthouseholds. The second method evaluates the well-being of householdsby a social welfare ordering defined by means of household utilityfunctions. The methods can determine the implicit normative assumptionsinvolved in conducting distributional analysis using any equivalizingtransformation. In particular income-level dependent equivalencescales can be founded in this framework. The assumptions underlyingboth approaches are examined and compared.     

Zum Markoffschen Lemma

Abstract

Der Sechste Skandinavische Mathematiker-Kongress (Kopenhagen 1925) hat sich unter anderem mit dem Markoffschen Lemma ¹ A. A. Markoff, Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung, deutsch von H. Liebmann, 1912, S. 54–56. Vgl. E. Czuber, Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung, I, 3. Aufl., 1914, S. 232–233. beschäftigt, und auf diesem Kongress hat Dr. phil. RAGNAR FRISCH im Anschluss an ein Referat von Prof. Alf Guldberg in einem besonderen Referat den Beweis geliefert, dass die in Frage stehende Ungleichung im allgemeinen Fall keine »Einengung» zulasse. ² Ragnar Frisch, Impossibilité de resserrer l'inégalité de Markow dans le cas général. Kongressbericht, S. 203–206. Der Beweis ist schlüssig, aber er kann, wie mir scheint, einfacher erbracht werden.     

Survey measures of first‐ and second‐order competences

Research summary : This study tests and validates survey measures of first‐ and second‐order competences in order to foster cumulative empirical research and theoretical refinement in the area of dynamic capabilities. Data from two informants and two time periods for a sample of publicly traded U.S. manufacturing firms are used to examine the convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity, and the reliability of scales to measure various levels and types of competences. Findings suggest that customer competence, technological competence, marketing competence, and R&D competence are related but distinct dimensions, evidencing strong validity and reliability. Qualifying this empirical support, it was found that items regarding manufacturing operations and facilities seemed to measure aspects unrelated to the focal competences, and that marketing competence had no relation to future market‐resource accumulation. Managerial summary : This study enhances understanding and measurement of dynamic capabilities, in particular, marketing and R&D second‐order competences. Marketing and R&D second‐order competences are a firm's ability to build new competences to serve new markets or use new technologies, respectively. The ability of a firm to add new market‐related resources (such as brands and distribution channels) and technological resources (such as patents and engineering skills) helps it cope with environmental change and grow in new directions. For firms in stable environments, being able to serve new markets and use new technologies provide opportunities for growth. For firms in turbulent environments, these skills are a matter of survival. Using data collected from publicly traded U.S. manufacturing firms, this study tests and validates questions that can be asked in questionnaires presented to management. It finds that even if a firm has strong skills in serving current customers and great technology, it may not be able to go after new markets or technologies. The survey questions tested here could be used not only by other researchers, but also by practitioners. Managers, management consultants, and industry association advisors could use the scales as diagnostic instruments or to perform benchmarking. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.