An integrative framework for sustainability evaluation in tourism: applying the framework to tourism product development in Finnish Lapland

The adoption of sustainable practices has become widespread in tourism and has led to the proliferation of sustainability evaluation tools. They focus mainly on measuring outcomes, making scientific expertise an essential part of evaluations. This study argues that involving stakeholders throughout the evaluation process is essential if evaluation is to play a role in promoting the necessary understanding of sustainability to address the ecological and social concerns within a tourism setting. Drawing upon multi-stakeholder thinking, ethics, the Bellagio Principles and action research, this paper introduces a theoretical and methodological framework for engaging tourism organisations in collaboration with stakeholders in planning and implementing sustainability evaluations. The application of the framework is illustrated using a study of tourism product development, involving a group of eight craft-based entrepreneurs and their stakeholders in Finnish Lapland. A focus is placed on using ethical theories to promote dialogue and critical reflection and to expose the plurality of moral orientations behind the multiple views of sustainable tourism. Through discourse analysis, four moral discourses, ethical egoism, utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics, are constructed and examined. The paper shows how each influences the various ways in which stakeholders perceive sustainable tourism and the practical outcomes of the process.     

竞技运动员的竞赛动作语言分类研究

本文不从竞技运动的身体运动力学,运动生理学等角度研究竞技运动员的竞赛动作,而是尝试从语言学的视觉研究竞技运动员在各种竞赛过程中的身体运动所呈现的身体动作语言之分类。先者着重于从竞技身体运动语言的表达状态和声音特征两个方面,将竞技运动员的竞技身体动作语言分三类:一竞技身体动作的动态无声语言,二竞技身体动作的静态无声语言,三竞技身体动作的静态有声语言。     

我国衍生金融工具信息披露制度的思考

国内外接连续发生了多起衍生金融工具交易巨亏事件,衍生金融工具的风险信息披露成为眼前迫切的研究课题。     

衍生工具的风险控制效应计量原理的探讨

衍生工具是一把“双刃剑”，衍生交易的风险一直存在。通过选择37家具有代表性的样本公司，运用线性回归模型实证检验衍生工具的使用对跨国公司进行风险管理的直接效应，说明衍生工具的使用令其在投资过程中面临的风险有84．3％的降低效应；企业投资规模越大抗风险能力会相对较大。同时，利率和汇率的不利变动，对投资风险分别有25％和29．3％提升效应。我国企业必须正确认识衍生工具交易存在的风险，制定并实施严格的内部控制制度，建立一套完整有效的风险管理体系，从而才能在保障自身安全的前提下，运用衍生工具进行风险规避。     

Reasoned Action and Food Choice in a Transitional Economy

ABSTRACT

This study examines predictive factors of consumer behaviour in food, employing a study of 485 Romanian respondents using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). Drawing on a structural equation models approach, causal paths for six products were estimated. Habit emerged as the most significant predictor of behavioral intention. The results of this empirical study support the notion that attitudes and habits influence behavioral intentions toward food consumption. A modification of the TRA, within the context of income constraints, is proposed in the form of willingness to consume. Competing structural models are discussed, and the implications of the study for both marketers and consumers are highlighted.     

道家治世“三步曲”

道家政治学说的核心主张是“无为而治”。“无为而治”包含清静无为、顺势而为、无为而无不为三层含义，“无为”是出发点，“无不为”是最终目的，“顺势而为”是由“无为”过渡到“无不为”的关键环节，它们是层层递进的逻辑关系，构成道家治世理论逻辑进程“三步曲”。     

从股东派生诉讼制度动态博弈分析看中小股东保护

股东派生诉讼作为一种对抗性的行为,本身是一个策略选择过程。本文用博动态博弈分析了诉讼原告、被告之间的行为选择情况,并加入可置信的承诺行动修正均衡解。在博弈分析结果上提出对中小股东保护的制度改进建议。     

Can Prompt Corrective Action Rules Work in the Developing World?

Abstract

A major weakness of bank regulation is “regulatory forbearance,” which is partly attributable to the scope for discretionary intervention by bank regulators. Therefore, bank regulation might be improved by subjecting intervention policy to a set of rules, such as the “Prompt Corrective Action” (PCA) rules in the US. The introduction of PCA rules is under consideration in a number of developing countries (DCs), stimulated by costly bank failures. This paper examines the potential benefits and feasibility of incorporating PCA rules into banking regulation in DCs. The paper concludes that PCA rules can improve bank regulation in DCs if introduced as part of a comprehensive set of prudential reforms which strengthens the operational independence of the bank regulators, improves their on-site examination capacities, strengthens accounting standards and raises public and political understanding of the need for strong and impartial bank regulation.     

Presidential Address: The Visible or Invisible Hand? The Balance Between Markets and Regulation in Agricultural Policy

The recent crisis in global financial markets has brought into question reliance on markets to determine the conduct of economic affairs and generated pressure for greater regulation and government control. Neither a neoliberal nor a neoregulatory approach is likely to be able to solve pressing problems affecting agriculture and natural resources, such as a deterioration in environmental quality and the challenge of climate change. To find solutions we need to employ a more realistic behavioural model than that typically used in economic analysis, and to recognise the key role played by values in individual and collective decision making. A more devolved approach to policy formation based on collective action seems to offer the greatest chance of success. More effort needs to be directed to understanding the drivers and processes of collective decision making, and how it can be harnessed to address pressing policy issues.     

净水厂主要净水设备的改造

水是生命之源,我国的清洁水源目前处于短缺状态,因此净水厂的发展值得关注。净水设备是清洁水源质量和产量的关键保证,本文探讨了污泥脱水机,吸泥衍车和臭氧发生器的改造。