Determinants of contract duration in outsourced services in the defense sector

In this article we analyze the contract duration using Transaction Cost Theory with a sample of 283 outsourced services in the Spanish Army during the period 2009–2014.The analysis results show that the greater the specificity of the service, the greater the duration of the contract. In addition, it is obtained that the greater the uncertainty about the behaviour of the provider, the lower the duration of the agreement. These results are consistent with existing literature and empirical works.

However, in the case of external uncertainty and incompleteness of the contract, they do not affect the contract duration. This may be because less complex services for shorter terms can be specified better and are less affected by external circumstances. Therefore, the uncertainty should be decomposed and analyzed according to their sources.     

基于威廉姆森分析范式的农村集体建设用地市场交易费用研究——南海区1872份市场交易数据和372份调研数据供给侧分析

研究目的:应用1872份市场交易数据和372份调研数据,对南海区农村集体建设用地市场交易费用及影响因素进行实证分析。研究方法:Tobit模型。研究结果:从1872份市场交易数据归纳出市场特征:市场交易形式存在明显的偏向性,"以租代让"现状普遍存在;土地细碎化程度较强;契约期限大部分都在5年以下,交易周期较短,交易频率较高。根据372份调研数据对市场交易费用的研究结果表明,集体经济组织自组织化是市场有效交易的重要制度变迁;政府干预代表市场化程度,市场化程度越高,交易费用相对较低;交易双方信息越对称、信息透明度越高、市场越规范,市场的不确定性越低,集体经济组织将面临的市场风险越低,其交易费用将越低。研究结论:为了提高集体建设用地市场发展的有效性,交易标的产权清晰是前提,交易公开化、透明化,减少政府在市场交易过程中干预,降低交易的不确定性。     

理解企业外包决策的一个概念框架

企业在进行外包决策时，应该比较外包的总成本与内部生产的总成本。总成本由生产成本、谈判成本和机会主义成本构成。谈判成本和机会主义成本统称治理成本，其大小取决于产品的复杂性、市场的可争夺性和资产专用性三个因素。按照产品复杂性和资产专用性的不同，可以将企业的外包环境分成四种类型，在不同类型的外包环境下，外包企业应该采取不同的措施。     

关系契约与企业网络转型

关系契约是企业网络形成和运行的微观基础，它有两条形成途径：一是由专用性资产而形成的双方依赖．二是动用个体社会资本而锁定双方的关系。相应地，企业网络可分为契约型和关系型两大类。关系型企业网络是中国转型经济的特征，家族企业及其网络的发展和寻租性企业网络的大量出现是转型期的必然现象。关系型企业网络产生的根本原因是中国独特的家族文化。经济转型要求企业网络从关系型向契约型转变，实质就是从关系治理向契约治理的转变。为此，必须从产权和日常管理方面加强对家族企业和国有仓、止的管理。尤其要着力培育宏观社会资本．     

管制范围的经济分析——基于自然垄断性维度的思考

经济学理论认为自然垄断性是政府管制的重要原因,从新制度经济学角度上看,规模经济和资产专用性才是自然垄断性的深层次原因。而现代经济学理论进一步发展了自然垄断性的概念,认为自然垄断性的决定因素是成本弱增性,从而改变了对自然垄断边界的认识,同时也带来了对管制范围和管制方式认识上的变化。     

小城镇必须以文化特色实现内源发展

小城镇发展是社会主义现代化的重要内容。在现代市场经济条件下，小城镇发展是以文化创新推动社会全面发展的过程。内源现代化本质上是一种以文化变革推动社会发展的理论。因而，必须形成现代文化精神，实现与环境的协调，体现出自身优势。小城镇发展必须与自身定位相结合，以各自特色形成优势互补关系，在提高经济社会发展质量中寻求长期发展。     

Transaction cost economics in practice: Applications and evidence

Transaction cost economics (TCE) has been criticized for presenting an undersocialized view of human nature, for confusing cause and effect, and for being ad hoc. This article attempts to rebut the last charge by reviewing a large body of empirical evidence on contracting and economic organization. Specifically, we maintain that enough empirical work has been carried out to shift the burden of persuasion to TCE's skeptics. As we show, the empirical evidence lines up remarkably well with the logic of organization described by TCE. After a conceptual and methodological review, we survey a range of studies on vertical integration (including forward integration into marketing and distribution), complex contracts and hybrid modes of organization, transfer pricing, and multinational corporations. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of TCE for business organization.This paper draws on material in Shelanski and Klein, 1995.     

The Austrian Tertius Gaudens: A Revisit of Competition Theory in Light of Georg Simmel

Austrian market process theory stands out in assigning particular importance to the role of the customer. This is however not really salient as competition is discussed save for in a few particular instances. This is a pity since the market process discourse thereby deprives itself of a firm progressive footing concerning further elaborations of how market dynamics evolve. By drawing on the reasoning that originates some hundred years ago with the works of Georg Simmel, this paper brings forward an Austrian version of his idea on Tertius Gaudens. In a market context this is the alert buyer who benefits from the disunion that prevails between sellers to the extent that market intimacy, conceived of as supplier specificity, is low. In this manner some of the inner workings of the market process, what promotes competition subject to which institutional constraints, are discussed to the benefit of yet another important Austrian demarcation, that of competition as being geared by the customer.     

Getting bang for your buck: the specificity of compensation and benefits information in job advertisements*

Even though some organizations are trying to attract high-level applicants through offering superior compensation and benefits, reward statements in job advertisements are sometimes rather general and vague. On the basis of person-environment fit theories, we examine whether providing more specific information on attractive reward packages in job advertisements leads to higher perceived person-reward fit and subsequent job pursuit intentions. Furthermore, based on signaling theory, we propose that person-reward fit allows job seekers to make inferences about broader person-organization fit. Applying an online experimental design among 283 experienced potential applicants, we find that more specific compensation and benefits information results in higher job pursuit intentions and that this relationship is fully mediated by person-reward fit perceptions. In turn, the effect of person-reward fit is partially mediated by perceptions of person-organization fit, indicating that people might use reward information as signals for other organizational attributes in early stages of recruitment.     

论市场经济的局限性

财产的专属性、投机行为妨碍了市场经济的正常运作，而人类的有限理性又限制了人们借助于完全合同来预防投机行为的发生，由此暴露了市场经济的局限性，即不能适用于垄断性的市场和信息不完全的市场。为了完善市场这个重要的交易形式，必须引入信誉机制来规范交易者行为。