深层神经网络预训练的改进初始化方法

在基于神经网络的语音识别任务中,提出根据激励函数二阶导数优化网络预训练阶段 中权值初始化的方法。利用激励函数的非线性区域和自变量呈高斯分布的特性,寻找权值分 布的较优方差以提升训练速度。通过比较同一学习速率下不同初始化数值对收敛速度的影响 ,发现此种方法可以加快预训练阶段的速度,提升神经网络训练的效率。     

言语行为理论视角下商务英语中拒绝策略的研究

拒绝语是商务贸易往来中一种常见的言语行为。根据言语行为理论和礼貌原则,对商务交际中实施拒绝言语行为时所采取的直接拒绝言语行为、间接拒绝言语行为和虚假拒绝言语行为进行了探讨。并得出结论,在实施拒绝言语行为的同时,需要通过相应的礼貌策略来缓和交际双方的关系。     

权势与同等中的话语顺应

权势(power)和同等(solidarity)这两个概念是两个处于不同维度的话语选择参数,话语的选择受到话语参与对象权势或同等因素的制约。Verschueren的顺应论阐释了人们在话语交际中如何根据权势和同等这两个抽象的语义参数的不同来选择不同的话语结构,这种选择也正是与话语使用者的社交世界、心理世界和物理世界相互顺应的结果。     

三种经典单通道语音增强算法的比较

本文介绍了三种经典的单通道语音增强算法:子空间、最小均方误差估计和谱减法,分析和比较了这三种方法的优缺点。仿真实验表明,子空间去噪能力最强,语音失真度最大,运行时间最长;最小均方误差估计去噪能力不如子空间,语音失真度最小,运行时间介于其它两个算法之间;谱减法去噪能力和语音失真度介于其它两个算法之间,运行时间最短。     

辨知言养气说

关于孟子"知言养气"历来众说纷纭,其间包含对孟子与告子之不动心的理解分歧,更包含对知言与养气的多种认识,正确辨析这一命题对理解孟子思想至关重要。文中通过细心辨解,认为告子接近于名家者流,而孟子知言养气说本质上是一种意志型、伦理型修养学,是对舍生取义之信仰的具体实践。     

语用理论与话语意义解释

话语意义有两类：句子意义和说话人意义，其中说话人意义是语用学关注的对象。该文介绍分析了几种主要的语用理论如格赖斯的会话含意理论，斯波伯一威尔逊的关联理论，奥斯汀的言语行为理论和塞尔的间接言语行为理论，认为必须放在具体语境中才能了解说话的确定意义。     

一种无线电话音信号时差估计方法

无线电话音信号的时差估计一直是个难题,其主要原因有话音信号带宽较窄且非平稳、在时域上具有非连续性及无线电信道（特别是短波信道）衰落的非一致性。针对上述特点,提出了使用短时处理技术来估计两路信号互相关谱的线性相位的无线电话音信号时差估计方案。新方案融合了话音激活检测技术和短时分段处理技术,并使用加权最小二乘相位拟合方法来求解时差。对比实验表明新方案的时差估计效果显著优于经典的广义互相关算法。     

On the Ethics of Product Placement in Media Entertainment

Abstract

This study examines the ethical propriety of current trends in product placement in television and film entertainment. Historical background for the product placement concept and practice is provided. Changes in the marketing climate that have provided a push for product placement are outlined. A characterization of the product placement industry as it stands today, and the ethical issues raised by the practice frame the analysis. Three distinct “genres” of contemporary product placement are analyzed: (1) Product Placement, (2) Product Integration, and (3) Video Insertion. First, the rise of Product Placement, strategic changes in use, and increased dependence on revenues in production will be discussed. The second section examines a newly mounted form of Product Integration, whereby product placement plays a key role in content development and support of production in television and film. Third, the origins of Video Insertion will be traced to the Princeton Video Image invention of its proprietary L-VIS product. The ethical efficacy ofplacing “virtual advertisements” in space and times that do not naturally exist will be examined. The article closes with summary assessments and consideration of recommendations for action. Ethical issues focused on in the assessment include deception, artists' rights, and excess commercialism. Recommendations consider the climate for full and advance disclosure of product placements in media entertainment, the prospects for a voluntary rating system, and the threat of reclassifying product placement infused media entertainment as commercial speech.     

自由间接引语的多维研究

作为小说话语中一种颇具特色的表现模式，自由间接引语自19世纪末被语言学家们发现以来，一直受到人们极大的关注。针对这一话语形式的含混和复杂性，批评家们从语言学、小说文体学、经典和后经典叙述学以及文化研究等方面对它进行了研究。这使得人们在更好地认识和把握这一话语模式的同时，也极大地开阔了研究视野。针对上述几个方面对这一话语模式所进行的各种研究进行简要评述，进而指出它们在当今语言文学和文化研究中的意义。     

Free expression in the workplace: Does the public-private distinction matter?

This article presents an argument for a judicial approach to ward employee free speech cases that would afford private sector employees substantially greater free speech protection. The argument proceeds first by examining a recent case,Novosel v. Nationwide Insurance Company, which if followed widely as precedent would make the public-private distinction much less important in employee free speech cases. This examination results in a strong endorsement of theNovosel decision. A clear statement of the reasons for the endorsement, however, takes one far beyond the opinion of the court into an analysis of the conditions under which courts may rely upon public policy as a basis for decision.