Strategic paradigms as a frame of explanation of innovations: a theoretical synthesis

Innovation has mainly been analysed as a rather narrow phenomenon. This has been an obstacle to a more operationally useful understanding of innovation processes. Two main approaches to explain innovation exist, namely economic innovation theory and the theory of entrepreneurship. Both are criticized in the article, the economic innovation theory for being based on a technological reductionism, the entrepreneurship theory for being based on an individualistic determinism. The two theories have not been coordinated to form a more comprehensive synthesis. The concept of technological paradigm within the economic innovation theory and the concept of entrepreneurial networks within the entrepreneurship theory mark some improvement in establishing a broader understanding of innovation, but have not yet been synthesized. The idea of paradigms is used in the article for a broader, synthesizing conception of innovations as being determined by shifts in strategic paradigms. A theoretical model of factors causing shifts in the strategic paradigm is set up.     

内蒙古财经类院校职业教育创新创业的路径选择

高职教育是为地方培养生产、建设、管理、服务第一线的高级应用型人才。它具有鲜明的地方性和行业性。随着我区经济发展和产业结构的调整,地方中小企业对毕业生的引进,不仅要求有较强的动手能力,而且要具有创新精神和应变能力,能较好地处理实际问题。高职院校如何培养具有创新精神和实践能力的复合型人才为地区经济建设、社会发展及行业发展服务,这是一个重要课题。     

Updating Seminal Studies of Entrepreneurial Researchers in the 60's to the 90's

ABSTRACT

As early as the 1960's various researchers of African and Nigerian small business and entrepreneurship like P. Schatz, P. Kilby, J. Harris and M. Rowe, A. Ale, W. Nafziger, J. Wilde and others have been debating. Their argument is with attempt to trace and identify the factors which continue to stunt the growth and development of small and medium enterprises (SME's) and entrepreneurship in Africa and in Nigeria. The investigations carried out by these and other researchers on this subject should be accepted as pertinent and justifiable. This is especially so, in consideration of the abundant availability of both natural and mineral resources for use as raw materials within the continent. In addition, enormous amount of funds has been expended alongside immense attention and effort by governments towards the development of small-scale industries and entrepreneurship. A number of external factors therefore, like inadequate infrastructure, scarcity of machines, spare parts and equipment, lack of information, paucity of raw material supplies and problem with government policies and officials as well as cultural factors have been identified among the most serious obstacles. Internal factors such as poor organizational planning, problems of succession, inadequate re-investment of profits, lack of capital and poor managerial skills have also been noted by other researchers as main growth barriers. This research updated earlier work done by these different groups of researchers with reference to the small plastics manufacturing sector in Nigeria to see if there have been any changes in the last 10-30 years of study. The findings revealed that there has hardly been any significant difference in terms of improvement especially of external constraints observed between the 1960's and 1990's. However, the study found a number of progressive internal improvements being applied in other small plastic manufacturing businesses. Recently, some small plastics manufacturing entrepreneurs on their own initiative have learned to create and innovate various ways of coping with constraints facing their businesses independently.     

Influence of technological support,skills and competencies,and learning on corporate entrepreneurship in European technology firms

In the today′s changing environment, firms are hardly competing with each other to achieve a competitive advantage that can differentiate them from others and improve their organizational performance. In this sense, it is crucial to develop corporate entrepreneurship and promote strategic variables that foster it.The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of different technological variables (top management support to technology, technological skills and technological distinctive competencies) and organizational learning on corporate entrepreneurship, and thus analyze the influence of corporate entrepreneurship on organizational performance in the context of technology firms.A sample of 160 European technology firms was selected from the database Amadeus in 2009 with CEOs as our main informants. The hypotheses studied are empirically confirmed by using a hierarchical regression model.     

高校创业学课程体系研究

文章从分析创业教育和创业教育课程的概念体系入手,提出了现今创业学课程存在的问题,并且从创业教育课程体系建设、树立正确的大学生创业观念、注重创业课程的师资队伍建设、将第一课堂和第二课堂相结合、组建职能化的保障体系提出相应的对策。     

Collaborative Learning Instrument in Teaching Entrepreneurship Issues

Abstract

Due to the shortcomings associated with the largely passive learning experience currently experienced by students at the University level in Central and Eastern Europe, active learning approaches have been promoted by educationalists as a more effective method for teaching business and entrepreneurship. This paper contributes to this literature by outlining a collaborative learning instrument involving active learning that can be used to teach entrepreneurship at university level in Central and Eastern Europe. This instrument illustrates the role of entrepreneurship and proprietorship in both a well-established market economy and in the post-communist economies of Central and Eastern Europe. Students outcomes should include the following: firstly, the recognition that the emerging small business sectors of the post-communist economies have much potential as a vehicle for economic growth and for developing capitalist forms of economic production; secondly, an understanding that entrepreneurial behavior is an essential element in the development of the small business sector; thirdly, an ability to identify traits common to successful entrepreneurs; and fourthly, they will develop and practice a variety of entrepreneurial skills themselves that may make them aware of their potential as entrepreneurs.     

制度对企业创业活动类型的影响——研究综述

在分析制度理论、制度环境衡量以及创业活动类型的基础上,系统回顾和总结了有关制度影响不同类型的创业活动的相关研究以及现有研究存在的不足,并从研究方法、研究层次、研究结论以及制度之间的相互作用等方面提出未来的研究方向。     

公益创业的意义、困境及其发展思路

公益创业有别于传统创业理念,是社会价值创造的一种新范式。改革成果为公益创业的发展提供资金、技术、经验等支撑,但公益创业在中国还有很远的路要走,还有很多难点制约着公益创业的发展。客观地剖析公益创业发展中公益创业教育匮乏、政府的保障与护航力度薄弱、企业的支持与参与性意识不强、社会舆论氛围的消极性等难点,为探索公益创业发展路径提供针对性探讨。     

美国石油天然气会计准则及其实证研究

对美国石油天然气会计准则及其实证研究进行了总结和分析,并与我国新近出台的石油天然气会计准则进行比较,从而提出我国油气会计实证研究未来的主要问题和研究方向。