Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.     

Tax structures in developing countries: Many puzzles and a possible explanation

Tax policies seen in developing countries are puzzling on many dimensions, given the sharp contrast between these policies and both those seen in developed countries and those forecast in the optimal tax literature. In this paper, we explore how forecasted policies change if firms can successfully evade taxes by conducting all business in cash, thereby avoiding any use of the financial sector. The forecasted policies are now much closer to those observed.     

The euro and developing country finance: A survey

More than eight years after the introduction of the euro, impacts on developing countries have been relatively modest. Overall, the euro has become much more important in debt issuance than in official foreign exchange reserve holdings. The former has benefited from the creation of a large set of investors for which the euro is the home currency, while demand for euro reserves has been held back by the dominance of the dollar as a vehicle and intervention currency, and the greater liquidity of the market for US treasury securities. Fears of further dollar decline may fuel some shifts out of dollars into euros, however, with the potential for a period of financial instability.     

“三从四德”与封建女性行为规范的形成

董仲舒由“阳尊阴卑”出发,确立了“夫尊妇卑”的伦理规范,并在此之上,提出“夫为妻纲”的道德准则。在这一准则的指导下,董氏又继承了刘向对“三从”的解释,将原本属于礼制规范的“三从”,扩大为女性行为规范。后,班昭在认可女性“卑弱”身份的前提下,详细阐释了《周礼·天官》中的“四德”,使之成为禁锢女性行为的枷锁。     

Aid,policies and growth: a nonlinear reassessment

ABSTRACT

The association between foreign aid and growth has been controversial for decades and the evidence is quite mixed with results sensitive to data samples and modelling approaches. We reassess the relationship between aid, policy and growth implementing a novel semiparametric estimation method that allows for nonlinearities and controls for endogeneity. The results show that the aid-policy-growth relationship is complex. Aid inflows do not seem growth-enhancing, except at very high levels (above 7% of Aid/GDP), whereas the effect may arrive with a lag at lower levels. Policy improvements are positively correlated with growth at high policy levels (above the median value) but better policies do not increase aid effectiveness.     

专用性人力资本与三项贴水关联性研究

人力资本按专用性程度分为专用性人力资本、普通专用性人力资本和非专用性人力资本,员工的贴水可以分为收入贴水、品牌（信誉）贴水和情感贴水。通过揭示专用性人力资本和三项贴水的内在关联性,将两者进行深化匹配,在此基础上有助于给出组织运行机制的合理设计。