高校艾滋病健康教育浅谈

随着艾滋病疫情不断扩散和蔓延,艾滋病防治已成为严重的公共卫生问题.特别在高校开展预防艾滋病知识的健康教育,增强大学生群体的自我保护意识和抵御艾滋病侵袭的能力,使健康教育成为预防与控制艾滋病的一项重要防治措施.     

艾滋病对我国社会经济影响

基于对我国艾滋病流行较为严重的五个省份进行的问卷调查,对比分析了931户感染者家庭和995户非感染者家庭的相关数据。研究发现,艾滋病对感染者个人及其家庭造成了极大的影响,如导致家庭结构改变、就业机会减少、劳动收入下降、医疗支出明显增大;同时也引发一系列社会经济问题,如贫富差距加大、性别不平等加剧、贫困家庭儿童教育机会减少及社会歧视扩大。最后提出了缓解艾滋病造成影响的对策建议。     

Do Promotions Increase Store Expenditures? A Descriptive Study of Household Shopping Behavior

An important question for retailers is whether promotions induce households to increase their in-store expenditures or merely reallocate a predetermined shopping budget. Should expenditures be fixed, retailers might decrease their profitability when running promotions by displacing expenditures from high margin to lower margin products. Using household level store receipts and an extended AIDS model, we provide evidence that while household expenditures do increase with promotions, there is also a significant reallocation of expenditures among the different categories. This implies that retailers have to choose carefully which products are promoted, if promotions are to increase profits.     

Targeted characteristics and use of socially marketed preventive health goods: evidence from condoms in sub-Saharan Africa

Social marketing is a popular method for allocating targeted publicly funded preventive health goods in poor countries. However, low demand among targeted groups may inhibit take-up relative to non-targeted groups, ownership may not result in use, and there exists little large-scale evidence on how use of socially marketed goods varies by targeted characteristics. I assemble national household survey data from 27 sub-Saharan African countries to examine how use of one of the most common socially marketed preventive health goods (i.e. male condoms) varies by the main targeted characteristics (i.e. low income, low educational attainment, and high HIV risk).

The results suggest that the majority of condoms used are socially marketed condoms, engaging in transactional sex is associated with an increased likelihood of using a socially marketed condom brand, and low-income/low educational attainment are not associated with increased likelihoods of using socially marketed brands. The fact that distribution targets low socioeconomic status groups and relative use remains low suggests that weak demand for condoms among these groups inhibits use. Policymakers should consider mechanisms to increase demand and to further refine targeting efforts.     

“乡村振兴”背景下贵州省农村居民消费结构研究*——基于LA-AIDS模型的实证分析

［目的］优化农村消费结构,进一步释放农村消费潜能以发挥消费对经济增长的基础性作用,对乡村振兴战略深入推进和缩小地区发展差距等方面均有重要意义,在对贵州省农村居民消费结构变化趋势特征分析基础上,实证研究其农村居民消费结构,并提出相关政策建议。［方法］文章基于1978—2016年贵州省农村居民8类产品消费额及消费价格指数,运用LA-AIDS模型,采用ITSUR估计法和希克斯弹性测算方法对贵州省农村居民消费结构进行分析。［结果］现阶段,贵州省农村居民消费结构由生存型向发展型和享受型过渡,但生存型占比仍较高; 除食品外,各类消费品均富有收入弹性,其中以交通和通讯及文教娱乐这2类最为突出,系数值分别达1897和1571; 食品、衣着、居住、家庭设备和医疗保健5类消费品为生活必需品,交通和通讯及文教娱乐这2类为奢侈品; 食品、文教娱乐和居住这3类消费品价格变化对其他商品消费量影响较大,其中食品、文教娱乐更多存在替代效应,而居住则更多存在挤出效应。［结论］贵州省农村居民消费结构有待进一步优化,需紧紧围绕提高农村居民收入水平这一关键,多措施并举加以促进。     

THE BENEFITS OF LARGE-SCALE,MULTI-SITE INTERNATIONALLY FUNDED RESEARCH PROJECTS: An Example of New Academic Insights and New Funding Possibilities

There are a number of benefits to large-scale, multi-site, internationally funded urban research projects if they are operationalized in ways that acknowledge forms of knowledge incommensurability and allow for space to explore the commensurability of different forms of knowledge across different geographies. Such projects are especially important in the context of the precarity of research funding, as such projects can provide the space to explore new urban research avenues that may not have formed core components of the existing urban studies canon and may also bring with them significant and new funding possibilities. In this intervention I use the example of the GCRF-funded PEAK Urban programme to consider how new urban research questions related to sexuality and health were brought to the fore during the life of the programme, which offer not only new research avenues, but also potential access to significant new funding sources. Programmes such as PEAK Urban therefore have the potential to build the long-term resilience of urban research. Cutting funding to such programmes may therefore limit the efficacy of the programmes themselves and the long-term sustainability of urban scholarship.