新企业所得税法过渡期政策的若干问题

《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》将于2008年1月1日实施。新企业所得税法在考虑内资企业对平衡税负公平竞争要求的同时,也兼顾了外资企业失去若干税收优惠影响的缓冲措施。本文对实施过渡政策中涉及的新老企业认定标准、过渡期税率的适用以及过渡期优惠的执行等问题进行了探讨。     

促进科技进步的税收政策研究

税收政策对科技进步具有重要影响。我国现行科技税收政策尚有不完善之处,需要根据国家产业政策、科技发展规划和税制改革方向进行适当调整。调整的思路是:扩大增值税抵扣范围;允许工业企业提取研究与开发基金;实行加速折旧或摊销办法;突破区域和内外资企业的限定,对高科技企业实行同一税收政策;对个人科技所得实施税收优惠;等等。     

我国税负区域性分布的归宿分析

税收政策在缩小地区贫富差距方面具有显著效果。针对现有区域性税收优惠政策,应当及时纠正向东部地区过度倾斜的累退性导向,以实现地区范畴上的公平对待,并避免在新一轮经济发展中出现各地争设各类开发区、园区的风潮。同时根据不同地区的经济结构差异,应积极推动各地,尤其是中西部地区实现产业优化和升级,以自动调整区域税负分布状况。此外,消费行为及其结构也会在微观层面对税负分布及归宿产生影响。对区域性因素的扰动进行计量分析,可以在因地制宜的基础上,促进区域税负分布格局的合理化。     

Cascading contingent protection and vertical market structure

Cascading contingent protection may occur when protection of an upstream industry transfers injury to the downstream industry and increases the likelihood that this industry asks and receives protection. This paper examines cascading protection within a sequential petitioning model where the upstream industry acts as leader. The analysis identifies market structure and the vertical linkage between the upstream and the downstream industry as important determinants of the occurrence of cascading protection. It is shown that the circumstances which make cascading protection more likely to occur also make it more likely that this protection has serious negative welfare consequences.     

从我国国民经济“软着陆”看金融宏观调控的作用

国民经济的高速发展往往伴随着高通货膨胀,既保持经济的适度增长,又维持较低的通货膨胀,这是许多国家都想达到而又难以达到的理想境界。本文从我国近几年的经济发展情况出发,论述了金融宏观调控政策的内容、目标及手段,介绍了我国进行宏观调控的措施和方法,说明了金融宏观调控政策在国民经济"软着陆"中的作用。     

Changing monetary transmission mechanisms within the EU

The paper presents a comparative analysis of monetary transmission mechanisms and changes in them after the secondERM in March 1983. The empirical model investigates the determination of money, income, prices, and interest rates in Germany, Denmark, and Italy based on the cointegratedVAR model. It provides empirical results on the macroeconomic effects of joining theERM and financial deregulation.     

Age-based policy for blood transshipment during blood shortage

This paper introduces the properties of inventory structure for both rescue and affected banks during blood shortage. An age-based transshipment model is developed, with two preference selection methods for transshipping blood units being presented. Compared to quantity-based policy, the age-based policy under first-in-first-transship is recommended as it can reduce the expired rate more efficiently. Under simulation operating scenarios with time-varying demand and supply, we analyzed the sensitivity of parameters, which include expected supply period, shelf life and blood shortage period. Additionally, this study reveals that the transshipment decision will increase the expired ratio and the overstock ratio after blood shortage.     

Regional public support to airlines and airports: An unsolved puzzle

This paper proposes a structural model to explain the motivation of regional public authorities to arrange marketing agreements for route and traffic development. Furthermore, using data from Spanish airports, we empirically test this model obtaining the demand function according to the preferences of public authorities. The results show that the public budget, airport’s attributes or intermodal competition affect to the demand for aircraft operations of regional public agencies. Finally, we propose an empirical method to determine the market power of airlines within these marketing agreements in a particular airport or route.     

Courts and Firm Investments in Real Property

The legal environment and rule of law are important for business, but existing studies often treat rule of law holistically. This article examines the role of courts, specifically the speed of court decisions, the enforcement of edicts, and the impartiality of decision-making as perceived by firms of various sizes, and the impact this has on firm investments in real property. The article analyzes a panel of 6,300 firms from 27 countries in the period from 2002 to 2009 to find that (i) firm size affects perceptions positively, while (ii) paying bribes affects perceptions negatively. At the same time, (iii) a firm’s connections to the government have no apparent impact. More importantly, while all three components have a positive correlation with the amount firms invest in land and machinery, the speed of courts has the greatest significance and the highest marginal effect. Firms perceiving courts to be quick invest nearly four times as much as the average real property investment. This finding suggests that policymakers should focus on reducing backlogs in the court system, perhaps by encouraging more arbitration or staffing more clerks.     

OPTIMAL MONETARY POLICY WITH THE STICKY INFORMATION MODEL OF PRICE ADJUSTMENT: INFLATION OR PRICE‐LEVEL TARGETING?

I investigate the optimal monetary policy in a New Keynesian macroeconomic framework with the sticky information model of price adjustment. The model is solved for optimal policy, and welfare implications of three alternative monetary policy regimes under this optimal policy are compared when there is a cost‐push shock to the economy. These monetary policy regimes are the unconstrained policy, price‐level targeting and inflation targeting regimes. The results illustrate that optimal policy depends on the degree of price stickiness and the persistence of the shock. Inflation targeting emerges as the optimal policy if prices are flexible enough or the shock is persistent enough. However, the unconstrained policy or price‐level targeting might be preferable to inflation targeting if prices are not very flexible and the shock is not very persistent. The results also show that as prices become more flexible, the welfare loss usually gets bigger.