制度变迁与社区公共物品生产——从"单位制"到"社区制"

由于任何公共物品都具有供应的相联性和排他的不可能性两个特征,导致集团成员在公共物品的消费和供给上存在搭便车的动机,公共物品的供给是一个典型的集体行动困境问题.作为整个社会制度变迁的一部分,城市社会管理体制经历了从"单位制、街居制到社区制"的变革,不同历史时段的社区公共物品供给机制具有不同的特征.单位体制所形成的"政府-单位"公共物品供给体系,已经不能满足转型时期社区日益增长的多元需求.在单位制解体和单位功能弱化的背景下,城市基层社区将替代传统单位,成为城市社会整合的又一种制度性选择,构成公共物品供给与消费的基本单元.     

语用视角下的会议同声传译译员的主体性

语用学认为语言的使用是一个连续不断的选择过程,语言的选择应根据语境进行动态的顺应.同声传译过程中,译员应根据不同语境发挥主观能动性对语言作出选择,以尽可能充分地传递源语的意义.文章以语言顺应论为理论框架,探讨分析了同声传译过程中译员发挥主体性对语境的主动顺应和被动顺应.     

社会资本视角下的社区治理

社区和谐是社会和谐的微观基础,构建和谐社会应该从社区治理入手.社区居民之间普遍的信任、互惠的规范和通过社区组织所建立起来的致密的社会参与网络构成了社区社会资本,它们既是社区治理的基础,也是实现社区发展和社会和谐的社会资源.因而我们有必要培育作为社会资本的认同感、人际互信、平等交换规范和公民参与网络,以推进社区治理与社会和谐.     

城市社区管理模式创新的理论思考——大连市创立社会导向型"三位一体"社区管理模式的启示

在社会经济迅速发展的今天,社会功能和社会组织关系多元化现象越来越普遍.城市社区作为整合各种社会资源的基层单位,对创立新型城市社区管理模式的呼唤也越来越强烈.文章从我国现存的两种主导类型的城市社区管理模式所存在问题分析入手,对大连市创立社会导向型"三位一体"的城市社区管理模式进行了探索性研究,并将它与现存社区管理模式进行了比较分析,以期对我国城市社区管理模式的改革发展有所启迪.     

消费、娱乐和社会参与——从日常行为看农民工与城市社会的关系

通过对问卷调查所获得资料的分析,探讨了农民工在城市的消费、娱乐、社会交往和社会参与,认为造成农民工与城市疏离状态的原因既有城乡隔离的二元社会结构的制度惯性影响,又有生活方式和习惯的因素,还有城市管理体制上的不健全和城市社会生活封闭造成的后果.     

The Modernization of UK Local Government: Markets,Managers, Monitors and Mixed Fortunes

Since 1997 UK central government has launched a bewildering array of new initiatives known collectively as the 'local government modernizing agenda' which represent an ambitious attempt to transform the performance and the politics of local authorities in the UK. The aim is to improve local services, enhance community governance and increase public confidence in the institutions of local government. Some of the key elements of this agenda, notably attempts to persuade authorities to make greater use of markets, to encourage strategic management techniques and the reliance on external monitoring, draw heavily upon the New Public Management and build directly upon previous reforms. Others, in particular the emergence of a more diversified approach to regulation of local government, signal a new and distinctive approach to public service improvement. The result is a combination of multiple drivers of change and paradoxical 'operating codes' which reflect both the politics of the modernizing agenda and our current lack of understanding about which approaches will prove most effective in enabling performance improvement in the public sector.     

Finding a Bowling Partner: The Role of Stakeholders in Activating Civil Society in Germany,Spain and the United Kingdom

An 'activism index', combining data on membership of civil associations and societies and the level of activism suggests that, notwithstanding cultural differences, civil activism in European countries could be a great deal higher than its current level. If higher civic participation is to be achieved, each stakeholder group within local governance can play an 'activation' role in relation to citizens, both as individuals and in relation to the voluntary organizations which represent citizens in their collective activities. In practice, different stakeholder groups play this role in widely differing ways in the contexts of Germany, Spain and the UK. In the future, we can expect the lead role in activating civil society in each country to be taken by different stakeholders, depending on the trust currently placed in them by other stakeholders in the community and by the resources which they command.     

Influences on expatriate social networks in China

This study applied social network theory to investigate the factors influencing expatriate social networks and the consequences of expatriate social networks in China. Based on analysis of 171 Taiwanese expatriates in China, this study found that core self-evaluations and extraversion are significant for expatriates in developing expressive and instrumental ties with host country nationals. Moreover, job autonomy assists expatriates in developing instrumental ties with host country nationals. The expressive and instrumental ties of expatriates with host country nationals are significant for overseas adaptation. Finally, instrumental ties with host country nationals are significant for expatriate job performance.     

Business adaptation to climate change: American ski resorts and warmer temperatures

How do firms adapt to the intensity of adverse chronic conditions stemming from the natural environment? We seek to contribute to the debate on whether environmental adversity tends to be positively or negatively related to adaptation. We propose that both diverging perspectives tend to predict part of firms' adaptation to nature adversity intensity. This is because of the interplay between latent counterbalancing mechanisms. First, at mild levels of nature adversity intensity, organizational inertial forces constrain organizations' willingness to adapt. Second, at medium levels of nature adversity intensity, coalition building and internal organizational politics allow managers to deploy adaptation resilience capabilities. Third, at severe levels, growing natural forces eventually impose limits beyond which protective adaptation becomes unviable. Our findings from a 2001 to 2013 analysis of western U.S. ski resorts' adaptation to temperature conditions indicate that firms facing medium levels of nature adversity intensity appear more likely to engage in higher levels of adaptation whereas those experiencing lower and higher intensity show a tendency for lower levels of adaptation, yielding an inverted U‐shaped relationship.     

Europe '92. Decentralizing environmental policy in the single market

The creation of the EC's internal market by the end of 1992 appears to necessitate a harmonization of environmental policies in the European Community. Against this background, the paper analyzes the options for decentralizing environmental policy in Europe and indicates some limitations of this approach.It is shown that, in the case of stationary sources, a harmonization is not required whereas, in the case of international spillovers and global environmental systems, a decentralization of policies is possible if countries can agree on international diffusion norms or national emission quantities, respectively. A harmonization seems to be unavoidable if product norms have to be applied, e.g. in the case of pollutants in consumption goods. Generally, however, price instruments should be used wherever possible, since they allow for a regional differentiation of environmental qualities without segmenting European markets.