居住区绿化规划设计探讨

居住区的绿化规划,必须以城市生态系统为基础,注重生态效益,以提高居民小区的环境质量,维护和保持城市的生态平衡。因此,运用生态学原理进行居住区绿化地设计是园设计者面临的一个新课题。     

浅析环境保护与可持续发展战略问题

2l世纪的中国将不可避免地遭遇到环境与发展的巨大挑战,严重制约了可持续发展。文本通过环境保护与可持续发展的关系谈论了当前可持续发展的问题与以后的发展战略。     

补充货币的理论、实践与启示——基于后危机时代的思考

补充货币作为官方货币的补充形式,具有异于官方货币的独特功能,为应对当前货币危机、失业、老龄化、环境污染等问题提供了有益的思考。文章在回顾补充货币的相关理论的基础上,考察了补充货币在不同时期的实践情况,提出补充货币对解决我国经济和社会问题的重要意义。     

Teaching Inflation Targeting: An Analysis for Intermediate Macro

Over the last decade, many central banks have adopted policies known as inflation targeting. If intermediate-level macroeconomics students are to be prepared to think about current policy issues, it is important to provide them with an introduction to the macroeconomic implications of inflation targeting. Unfortunately, the standard aggregate demand-aggregate supply frameworks commonly used to teach intermediate macroeconomics are not well suited for this task because they are expressed in terms of output and the price level and because they fail to make explicit the policy objectives of the central bank. The author provides a simple graphical device involving the output gap and the inflation rate that overcomes these problems and that can be used to teach intermediate macroeconomics students about inflation targeting.     

土壤污染防治法背景下的城乡绿地系统建设：趋势与对策

《中华人民共和国土壤污染防治法》的颁布标志着中国将形成完善的土壤污染防治法律体系,建立从污染土壤调查、修复、风险防控、监测到场地再利用,从环境标准到规划管理的全方位制度。生态文明制度建设的宏观背景,再加上中国土壤污染严重、规模大、修复难、成本高、周期长等特征,将导致大量污染场地转变为绿地或生态用地,最终对绿地系统的数量与规模、布局与功能、规划与管理、环境质量标准等多个维度产生实质性影响。分析这一趋势,对其影响提出预判,最终提出对策建议。     

Is external research assessment associated with convergence or divergence of research quality across universities and disciplines? Evidence from the PBRF process in New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Performance-based research evaluations have been adopted in several countries both to measure research quality in higher education institutions and as a basis for the allocation of funding across institutions. Much attention has been given to evaluating whether such schemes have increased the quality and quantity of research. This paper examines whether the introduction of the New Zealand Performance-Based Research Fund process produced convergence or divergence in measured research quality across universities and disciplines between the 2003 and 2012 assessments. Two convergence measures are obtained. One, referred to as β-convergence, relates to the relationship between changes in average quality and the initial quality level. The second concept, referred to as σ-convergence, relates to the changes in the dispersion in average research quality over time. Average quality scores by discipline and university were obtained from individual researcher data, revealing substantial β- and σ-convergence in research quality over the period. The hypothesis of uniform rates of convergence across almost all universities and disciplines is supported. The results provide insights into the incentives created by performance-based funding schemes.     

Market Incentives for Safe Foods: An Examination of Shareholder Losses from Meat and Poultry Recalls

Meat and poultry recalls, while voluntary, are carried out under governmental oversight. If firms have financial incentives to avoid being implicated in a recall situation, governmental involvement in recalls may cause firms to internalize social costs when making investment decisions concerning food safety controls. To examine these incentives, we analyze federally supervised meat and poultry recalls from 1982 to 1998 within an event study. Results show significant shareholder losses when publicly traded food companies are implicated in a recall involving serious food safety hazards. We find no evidence that the stock market reacts negatively when recalls involve less severe hazards.     

振兴东北老工业基地财税支持政策的探讨

本文分析了老工业基地存在的问题,提出了振兴东北老工业基地的财税支持政策。     

北京市垃圾焚烧厂建设与运营问题分析

概述了北京市生活垃圾处理发展趋势。介绍了北京市生活垃圾焚烧厂规划、建设情况和运行现状．分析了焚烧厂规划建设与运营过程中应注意的若干问题并提出了解决问题的措施。     

The Elasticity of Taxable Income: The Case of South Africa

A key tax policy parameter that has received much attention in the international literature, but about which there is substantial uncertainty, is the overall elasticity of taxable income. The size of this parameter is central to the formulation of tax and transfer policy, as well as for the study of the welfare implications of tax decisions. This paper uses a panel of individual tax returns for the period 2009–2013 and the phenomenon of “bracket creep” to construct instrumental variable estimates of the sensitivity of income to changes in tax rates. Estimates suggest that the overall elasticity of taxable income is approximately 0.3, while that of broad income is significantly lower. The overall response is primarily driven by the elastic response of taxable income for high‐income earners, who have an elasticity of closer to 0.4. Using the elasticity estimates within an optimal tax framework, it is determined that the optimal marginal tax rate for the top 10% of income earners is broadly in line with the current income tax schedule. However, results also suggest that there is little scope for raising marginal rates on high‐income earners further without inducing a negative revenue response.