经济发达地区耕地保护问题研究——以长江三角洲地区为例

长江三角洲是我国经济最发达、人地关系矛盾最为紧张的地区之一。工业化、城市化迅速,经济发展客观上造成了对土地的巨大需求,同时,该地区人多地少,耕地后备资源不足,加上管理等因素,耕地锐减的状况日趋严峻。文章以长江三角洲地区为例,在分析了该区土地开发利用存在的问题后,对经济发达地区耕地保护的建议和措施作了分析。     

Productivity,technical efficiency and technological change in French agriculture during 2002-2015: a Färe-Primont index decomposition using group frontiers and meta-frontier

The objective of the article is to assess productivity change in French agriculture during 2002–2015; namely, total factor productivity (TFP) change and its components – technological change and efficiency change. For this, we use the Färe-Primont index which verifies the multiplicatively completeness property and is also transitive, allowing for multi-temporal and -lateral comparisons. We investigate the extent of heterogeneity within each type of farming sub-sample in terms of TFP change, with the help of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI). In addition, to compare the technologies among the five types of farming considered, we extend our analysis to the meta-frontier framework. Results indicate that during 2002–2015, all farms experienced TFP progress. The smallest average increase was experienced by the dairy farms and the largest by the field crop farms and the beef farms. The latter had the strongest technological progress but a deterioration in efficiency, while the opposite was found for field crop farms. The analysis of HHI reveals that sheep or goat farms are the most homogenous in terms of the direction of TFP change experienced over the period 2002–2015. The meta-frontier analysis shows that field crop farms’ technology is the most productive of all the types of farming.     

当前我国农用地估价实践中存在的问题研究

农用地估价是在农用地分等定级工作的基础上对其经济价值所作的量化和评价。农用地估价实践在我国刚刚起步,尚存在许多问题。本文从当前的估价实践出发,提出了影响估价结果精度的几大问题,如农用地的性质认识不一、农用地概念不一等。以期农用地估价实践者关注区域农用地地价水平平衡和农用地价与城镇地价在时间与空间的连续与衔接。     

浙江省国有林场改制问题研究

国有林场改制是市场经济体制、林业发展和国有林场现状的需要。本文在对浙江省国有林场改制现状调查的基础上,总结了改制的形式,剖析了存在的问题,并提出相应的建议。     

我国大都市地区耕地保护问题分析——以上海市为例

改革开放以来,伴随经济的高速发展,我国耕地资源大幅减退,尤其是在经济发达、城市化快速推进的大都市地区,耕地的数量和质量都已接近或低于安全警戒线,耕地保护问题已成为实现区域粮食与基本农产品供给安全、社会经济稳定和可持续发展的关键控制点.以上海市为例,阐述了大都市地区耕地保护的必要性与迫切性,以及进行耕地保护的困境与挑战,在此基础上探讨了耕地保护的对策与措施.     

国有林场森林资源有偿使用制度研究——以山东、福建调研为例

基于山东、福建两省部分国有林场的实地调研,对国有林场有偿使用的历史实践做了阶段性的划分和研究,研究发现目前国有林场森林资源有偿使用主要存在如下几种方式:承包、租赁、森林资产抵押、森林资源作价入股、合作等;国有林场森林资源有偿使用过程中存在的主要问题为,制度上有存在法律、政策和产权等明显的制度约束,管理体制上存在着多头领导和权责不清,国有林场森林景观资源开发与现有制度的冲突等问题。     

透视湛江农垦糖业循环经济的发展

十多年来,湛江农垦遵循行业发展规律,利用自身优势,整合资源,不断推进糖业循环经济的发展,实现了废水、废液的零排放;延伸蔗糖产业链,实现了经济效益和生态效益的“双赢”。蔗糖产业链条的延伸及循环经济发展的前瞻性得到了湛江生态市建设规划专家组的充分肯定。     

Effect of yield and price risk on conversion from conventional to organic farming*

Although the benefits of organic farming are already well known, the conversion to organic farming does not proceed as the Dutch government expected. In order to investigate the conversion decisions of Dutch arable farms, a discrete stochastic dynamic utility‐efficient programming (DUEP) model is developed with special attention for yield and price risk of conventional, conversion and organic crops. The model maximizes the expected utility of the farmer depending on the farmer’s risk attitude. The DUEP model is an extension of a dynamic linear programming model that maximized the labour income of conversion from conventional to organic farming over a 10 year planning horizon. The DUEP model was used to model a typical farm for the central clay region in the Netherlands. The results show that for a risk‐neutral farmer it is optimal to convert to organic farming. However, for a more risk‐averse farmer it is only optimal to fully convert if policy incentives are applied such as taxes on pesticides or subsidies on conversion, or if the market for the organic products becomes more stable.     

Drivers of transaction costs affecting participation in the rental market for cropland in Vietnam

Farm incomes in rural Vietnam are tightly constrained by very small farm sizes. Stringent limits on the area of cropland that individuals may own means that farmers need a well‐functioning rental market to consolidate land parcels, grow their farm enterprises, adopt new technology and increase incomes. This research investigates the efficiency and equity impacts of the rental market in rural Vietnam and attempts to identify transaction costs impeding the market. A generalised ordered logit model with shifting thresholds allowing transaction costs to impact lessors and lessees differently was specified and estimated using data extracted from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys. The findings show that rental transactions reduced imbalances in factor endowments, transferring cropland to households that were relatively land‐poor but more willing and able to farm. However, the market is constrained by transaction costs that affect lessors and lessees differently. It is recommended that government should complete its land registration program and relax restrictions on the use of wetlands to grow crops other than rice. It should also improve access to all‐weather roads as this encourages participation on both sides of the rental market, whereas better access to communications infrastructure was found to promote only the supply side.     

Are medium‐scale farms driving agricultural transformation in sub‐Saharan Africa?

This study presents evidence of profound farm‐level transformation in parts of sub‐Saharan Africa, identifies major sources of dynamism in the sector, and proposes an updated typology of farms that reflects the evolving nature of African agriculture. Repeat waves of national survey data are used to examine changes in crop production and marketed output by farm size. Between the first and most recent surveys (generally covering 6 to 10 years), the share of national marketed crop output value accounted for by medium‐scale farms rose in Zambia from 23% to 42%, in Tanzania from 17% to 36%, and in Nigeria from 7% to 18%. The share of land under medium‐scale farms is not rising in densely populated countries such as Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda, where land scarcity is impeding the pace of medium‐scale farm acquisitions. Medium‐scale farmers are a diverse group, reflecting distinct entry pathways into agriculture, encouraged by the rapid development of land rental, purchase, and long‐term lease markets. The rise of medium‐scale farms is affecting the region in diverse ways that are difficult to generalize. Findings indicate that these farms can be a dynamic driver of agricultural transformation but this does not reduce the importance of maintaining a clear commitment to supporting smallholder farms. Strengthening land tenure security of local rural people to maintain land rights and support productivity investments by smallholder households remains crucial.