配置同步在xPON网管中的设计和实现

为了解决现有技术中配置数据每次都需要全部上传和下载导致的同步时间过长、同步效率和可靠性低的问题,研究一种实现图形界面EMS和xPON局端设备配置数据增量式上传和下载的方法,对原有的配置方式存在的弊端进行了分析,提出了一种新的配置同步的设计方案。该方案通过比较配置项的循环冗余校验码,保证了不用修改程序就可以解决多个不同版本的xPON局端设备OLT共存时配置数据上传和下载存在的问题。     

Interest rate linkages within the EMS and bank credit supply

The exchange rates between the currencies of European Monetary System (EMS) members are essentially fixed between narrow bands mandated by the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). the intent of such a fixed rate regime is to enhance policy co-ordination within the EMS. However, it has instead led to German policy dominance within the system according to several recent studies. We examine the optimal dynamic credit policy of a bank in an EMS country that is subject to such German ‘dominance’. Our stochastic control model reveals conditions under which German monetary policies can influence domestic bank lending behaviour. It also suggests that banks may be able to hedge such risk exposure by increasing in size. the model offers ‘credit supply' based explanations for recent regulatory reforms in Europe towards unified banking and the attempts of several EMS members to de-link their policies from that of the German Bundesbank.     

A regime-switching approach to the study of speculative attacks: A focus on EMS crises

This paper implements a regime-switching framework to study speculative attacks against EMS currencies during 1979–1993. To identify speculative episodes, we model exchange rates, reserves, and interest rates as time series subject to discrete regime shifts between two possible states: “tranquil” and “speculative”. We allow the probabilities of switching between states to be a function of fundamentals and expectations. The regime-switching framework improves the ability to identify speculative attacks vis-à-vis the indices of speculative pressure used in the literature. The results also indicate that fundamentals (particularly budget deficits) and expectations drive the probability of switching to a speculative state. First Version Received: October 2000/Final Version Received: June 2001     

鸿海OEM升级为EMS的关键因素研究

以原始设备制造（OEM）为主要业务的制造型企业,在全球价值链的结构中,处于利润最为薄弱的中间环节。随着全球竞争的逐步加剧、制造成本的逐步上升,这类企业开始逐渐转型,电子制造服务（EMS）是其转型的一个主要方向。本研究以价值链理论和微笑曲线理论为主要理论依据,结合鸿海由OEM逐渐向EMS转型的实例,探寻转型成功的关键因素,并就案例企业的几类关键因素进行深入讨论。     

建立企业ISO14000环境管理体系的探讨

ISO14000环境管理体系在我国企业环境管理方面的应用尚在探索阶段,本文在介绍该标准体系的组成的基础上,重点讨论了建立企业ISO14000环境管理体系的重要意义,并提出了在建立过程中应注意的问题。     

Driving sectoral sustainability via the diffusion of organizational eco‐innovations

Using insights from institutional literature, the resource‐based theory of the firm, and internationalization, we explain variations in the diffusion of organizational eco‐innovations. Studies have previously reported that the drivers of eco‐innovation are regulatory pressures, technology push, market pull, and firm factors. But relatively little attention has been paid to nontechnological forms of eco‐innovation, such as environmental management systems (EMS). Consequently, how exactly to encourage EMS adoption across sectors is still unclear. We attempt to address this question by combining sectoral panel data (2009–2014) from a number of sources in Spain. The econometric analysis reveals that environmental policy is driving the adoption of ISO 14001 largely due to differences across sectors in energy and pollution intensity. In addition, the adoption of ISO 9001 increases the use of ISO 14001 in industry because of complementarities between the two systems. Third, in highly internationalized sectors, firms adopt a greater amount of ISO 14001.     

Sustainability‐oriented capabilities for eco‐innovation: Meeting the regulatory,technology, and market demands

Despite consensus in the literature that regulation, technology push, and market pull drive eco‐innovation (EI), evidence remains limited on the diverse firm capabilities needed to boost EI. Building on the natural‐resource‐based view of the firm and the EI literature, this paper posits that firms need to renew and realign their capabilities, and ultimately develop distinctive sustainability‐oriented capabilities, in order to meet the rapidly changing regulatory, technology, and market demands. Results of the analysis, based on a survey of U.K. firms, reveal that EIs are more likely to arise when firms (a) build capabilities on voluntary self‐regulation (i.e., executive driven environmental management system and corporate social responsibility) because such organizational capabilities allow them to address increasing regulatory pressures; (b) invest in environmental research and development (i.e., eco‐R&D)—instead of generic research and development—because it provides them with the relevant and specific technological capabilities to tackle technology shifts towards sustainability; and (c) develop capabilities in green market sensing as such capabilities allow them to address green consumption needs.     

Barriers to EMS in the hotel industry

While some hotels have adopted the formal environmental management system (EMS) or the internationally recognised ISO 14001 Environmental Management Standard for the sake of the environment—or other claimed benefits—many hotels are still standing at the crossroads in adopting EMS. This exploratory study was conducted with the aim of investigating the barriers to EMS in the hotel industry in Hong Kong SAR. Of the 330 questionnaires mailed, 83 were returned. Using exploratory factor analysis to identify interpretable orthogonal factors, six factors that hinder hotels from adopting formal EMS were identified and interpreted. They are: (1) lack of knowledge and skills; (2) lack of professional advice; (3) uncertainty of outcome; (4) certifiers/verifiers; (5) lack of resources; and (6) implementation and maintenance costs. Independent samples t-test and ANOVA analysis were also conducted to gain a better understanding of the significant differences in the identified six factors on the barriers to adopting and implementing EMS in the hotel industry among different hotel demographic variables. Implications of the findings are discussed, while recommendations are made to reduce the barriers inhibiting the adoption of EMS in the hotel industry.     

Modelling the cost of providing ambulance services

The aim of this paper is to study how regional demography and accessibility patterns influence the cost of providing ambulance services. A secondary aim is to project future costs and demand for ambulance services based on population projections. We use data from south-east Norway, an area with both urban and rural areas. Our results show that accessibility patterns, urbanisation and demography are important factors in determining costs. Furthermore, an ageing population and an ongoing process of urbanisation will have an impact on both the demand for ambulance transport and the cost of providing these services.     

我国EMS企业发展研究

电子制造在"中国制造"中扮演着重要的角色。我国本土的电子制造服务企业数量众多,但大多数规模小,盈利能力差。我国EMS企业的出路在哪里?本文首先分析了我国中小型电子制造服务企业在新形势下面临的挑战,然后从延伸产业价值链、提高服务附加值等5个方面提出了解决措施。