Who responds more to environmental amenities and dis-amenities?

It is hypothesised that different property sub-markets react to flood risk information, floods and environmental factors differently. To test this hypothesis this research uses spatial quantile regression and quasi-experimental techniques to examine property sub-market behaviour in response to availability of flood risk information and actual flood. This new contribution to the literature is based on the use of the mapping of flood risk areas in 2009 and the 2011 flooding of Brisbane, Australia, as a case study. The results show that the impact of flood risk and actual flood on property markets varies between different sub-markets. They therefore confirm the existence of property sub-markets based on property and environmental characteristics and suggest the need for differentiate mitigation policies.     

Farm households’ risk perception,attitude and adaptation strategies in dealing with climate change: Promise and perils from rural Pakistan

Pakistan is highly vulnerable to extreme climatic events, such as floods and droughts. This study determines the farmers’ risk perception, risk attitude, adaptation measures and various aspects of vulnerability to climate change (e.g. floods, droughts, heavy rainfalls, pests and disease) at farm level in rural Pakistan. The risk perception and attitude of farm households are crucial factors that influence farm productivity, investment and management decisions at this level. A well-designed questionnaire was used to interview 720 farm households from six districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. A binary logit model was used to determine the main factors that affect the choice of adaptation strategies of the farm household. The findings revealed that crop diversification, changing crop varieties, altering the crop calendar, varying the fertilizer used, mulching and farm insurance were the main adaptation strategies followed by farm households. The results of the binary logit model revealed that age, education, farm size, household size, credit accessibility, annual income and the perception on the increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall had significant influence on the selection of the adaption strategies. The findings of this study can provide guidance, policy recommendations and reference for future researchers.     

关于北京城市排涝问题的探讨

随着城市建设规模的不断扩大,现有雨水管网系统很难支撑因城市建设用地增加、下垫面变化和气候变化等因素造成的城市内涝。本文分析了造成北京中心城内涝的原因,阐述了政府在加大力度建设雨水管道和雨水排除设施的同时,需将重点放到雨水源头控制、利用和建设城市蓄滞洪区建设上来。只有通过多种方式的雨水排除与利用的系统建设,才能使雨水在源头得以控制、在雨水管道中正常排放、在尾闾进行蓄滞,真正起到提高城市排涝标准,确保城市防洪和雨水综合利用的目的。     

Impacts of Thailand’s tourism tax cut: A CGE analysis

This study examines Thailand’s tourism tax cut policy aimed to alleviate negative impacts arising from the 2011 flood on the tourism industry and economy. The proposed TRAVELTHAI model, a medium-scale dynamic computable general equilibrium model, serves as a powerful analytical tool for effective policy decision making. Direct-tourism industries benefit the most from the industry specific tax policy, deemed a suitable short-run policy in response to the flood. Tax cuts on inbound tourism improves the terms of trade and marginally stimulates Thailand’s GDP. It is recommended that the development of fiscal policies should be more inclusive, in order to achieve better national impacts in the long run.     

A simple compensation mechanism for flood protection services on farmland

Reservoirs for the transient storage of water in order to lower river flood peaks would usually be built on farmland and used in case of a serious flood event. Farmers’ willingness to have their lands included in a reservoir critically depends on the compensation they will obtain. Our paper proposes a new compensation scheme that consists of an unconditional annual payment and a reparation payment conditional on flooding. We determine the properties of an optimal contract offered by the river authorities to farmers that specifies the compensation scheme and the rules for the use of the reservoir. The two-tier payment scheme induces crop choices of farmers that lower the damage profile of land use and it covers the long-term costs of land use change to ensure voluntary participation. We illustrate the working of the payment scheme using data from a case study from the river Tisza in Hungary.     

Forest cover change and flood hazards in India

Forests provide numerous environmental services such as watershed protection, nutrient cycling, pollution control, climatic regulation, carbon sequestration, flood mitigation, and protection from storms, landslides, and soil erosion. Degradation of forest resources is likely to cause adverse effects on the economy and environment both locally and globally. Further, it is observed that the natural forests do reduce the frequency and severity of floods as it traps water during heavy rainfall and releases the same slowly into streams reducing the run off. However, this link between forest covers and flood damages is still unclear and yet to be settled in empirical literatures. Also, the protective role of forests in Indian context has remained largely unexplored and this paper attempts to fill this research gap. The objective of this study is, therefore, to examine the impact of forest cover on the extent of flood damage in India controlling various social, economic and demographic aspects. The study uses secondary data across the Indian states for the period 1998–2011. The data were analyzed using the Poisson and ordinary least square (OLS) regression models. The findings suggest that forest cover in India has an inverse relationship with the flood damages. In addition, socio-economic factors such as literacy, per capita net state domestic product and population size have significant influence on the extent of flood damages. Hence, investments in forest protection and regeneration are necessary to restrict flood damages and protect human lives and properties.     

柳江县九曲河城区河段综合治理方略探讨

文章指出了柳江县九曲河流域存在的问题,提出了治理柳江县九曲河城区河道的方案设想：河道治理不局限于防洪排涝,同时寻求堤防与城市的和谐,提倡防洪、生态、景观相结合的做法。     

变异DDOS攻击方式的攻击防范探析

本文首先介绍了网络攻击对目前网络安全的影响及分布式拒绝服务攻击的工作原理和现状,接着分析了分布式拒绝服务的攻击类型,并探析新型攻击类型的核心技术和防范对策。将新型的DDOS的3类攻击方式：基于堵流量的攻击方式、基于网站脚本的攻击方式、另类攻击方式进行了探析,最后给出攻击方式相应的安全策略和防御对策。     

Housing prices and flood risk: An examination using spline regression

This article examines the impact of flood risk and mandatory flood insurance on property values. Using a large data set of almost 2,000 homes sold in the New Orleans, Louisiana, area from 1971 through 1986, the analysis confirms the finding of earlier studies that location in a floodplain does reduce property values. The present study, using spline variables to adjust for locational variation in the data and an improved measure of insurance cost, reveals that much of this reduction can be attributed to mandatory flood insurance coverage. Moreover, while unexpected flooding does increase the insurance cost capitalization, repeated flooding does not seem to reduce property values further.     

Sharp bounds on change in expected values and variances for single risk analysis in the flood catastrophe model

In the paper we propose a method how to assess sharp bounds on change in the expected value and variance of the individual loss distributions of the risks in the flood catastrophe model. The method does not involve the use of the whole model, only the river discharge distributions and above mentioned loss distribution moments are required. We present the method on a case study inspired by floods in Poland.