伏牛山生态旅游开发与文化建设的互动效应

伏牛山位于河南西南,东西绵延几百公里,构成黄河、淮河和长江三大水系分水岭,属于北亚热带向暖温带的过渡地带,其独特的地理位置,造就了奇特的自然景观;悠久的历史,留下了丰富多彩的历史文化遗产。本文在对伏牛山生态旅游开发与文化建设中存在问题分析的基础上,提出伏牛山生态旅游开发与文化建设互动发展之举措,以提升伏牛山的旅游形象和文化内涵。     

A Spatial-Based Decision Support System for wood harvesting management in mountain areas

In this paper, a spatial-based economic model is proposed with the aim of estimating the most likely harvest cost of a forest block in relation to its particular morphological and operating features. This work, which is based on the classical stumpage price assessment method, presents an economic balance of a forest cut, attained by conducting a cost analysis of each logging phase of the different standard harvesting strategies. The study area is in the North-West of Italy, in the Mount Cotolivier forest compartment, in Oulx, Piedmont. The map of the stand structure, which is included in the Oulx Forest Management Plan, was used to locate blocks (areas considered homogeneous according to the stand structure and forest typology) where silvicultural cuts could be scheduled. The feasibility of the selected logging strategies was mapped considering six conditioning factors, of both a topological and a topographic nature. Their influence was weighted by means of a score assignation and integrated in a Multi-Criteria Decision Making procedure. The scores were mathematically combined to calculate a spatial dependent cost-function (Block Exploitation Aptitude, BEA) in which the suitability of each block to be harvested was mapped through a specific strategy. The obtained BEA was then used to estimate the most suitable productivity rate of the harvests of each block. The unitary costs of the strategies were estimated and then compared to find the most profitable one for each block.This model has proved to be effective in generating objective economic results concerning harvest cuts in productive stands in mountainous areas. The proposed methodology simultaneously takes into account different factors and generates feasibility scenarios, in the space domain, for the considered harvesting strategies. The proposed model represents a prototype on which an operational Decision Support System could be based to assist forest managers over the short-medium term.     

The “sowing of concrete”: Peri-urban smallholder perceptions of rural–urban land change in the Central Peruvian Andes

Policy makers concerned with the peri-urban interface find their greatest challenges in the rapid urban growth of developing mountain regions, since limitations caused by relief and altitude often lead to an increased competition between rural and urban land use at the valley floors. In this context, little attention has been paid to the affected agriculturalists’ perceptions of peri-urban growth—important information required for the realization of sustainable land use planning. How is the process of rural–urban land change perceived and assessed by peri-urban smallholder communities? Which are the major difficulties to be overcome? By what means are the affected people reacting and how are these adaptation strategies linked with the ongoing landscape transformations of the hinterland?By using the example of Huancayo Metropolitano, an emerging Peruvian mountain city, it is shown that rural–urban land change is intensively discussed within peri-urban smallholder groups. Although urbanization also leads to infrastructure investments by public institutions—an advantage perceived throughout the study area—the negative impacts of rural–urban land use change prevail. The perceptions’ analysis reveals that the decrease of fertile and irrigated agricultural land at the quechua valley floor is especially considered to threaten subsistence, food and income security. In order to compensate the loss of production capacities, many smallholders try to expand or intensify their land use at the suni altitudinal belt: an agro-ecological zone characterized by steep and nonirrigated slopes that can actually not be used for the year-round production of crops previously cultivated at the quechua zone.     

Determinants of cropland abandonment at the parcel,household and village levels in mountain areas of China: A multi-level analysis

Cropland abandonment accompanying economic development has been observed worldwide. China has experienced a large amount of land abandonment in recent years. However, the reasons for it are not entirely clear. Although abandonment decisions are made by individual households, the underlying conditions reflect processes operating at multiple levels. Therefore, we aimed to detect the influences on land abandonment at the parcel, household and village levels. We developed and employed a multi-level statistical model using farm household survey data and geographical maps of Wulong County. Our model revealed that of the variance in occurrence of land parcel abandonment, 7% and 13% can be explained at the household and village levels, respectively, while the remnant 80% can be explained at the land parcel features itself. We found that land abandonment is more prone to occur on parcels that are on steep slopes, have poor quality soil, or are remote from the laborers’ residences. Households with less agricultural labor per unit land area showed a high probability of land abandonment. We also found a nonlinear influence of labor age on land abandonment, with households comprising middle-aged laborers having a low land abandonment probability. Parcels in villages with high elevation, far from the county administrative center or with low prevalence of leased land are inclined to abandonment. We also found, surprisingly, that the household proportion of males among its agricultural laborers did not significantly influence the occurrence of land abandonment at the parcel level, probably due to the male agricultural laborers being overwhelmingly old (average age greater than 56 years). To alleviate land abandonment, we suggest improving land tenure and transfer security to ensure stable access to the land rental market, and also improving infrastructure in remote regions.     

湖北太子山国家森林公园管理制度改革研究

为缓解国有林场的"两危"困境,各地森林旅游业逐渐兴起。以国有林场为基础建立的森林公园为林区职工增收、增加就业岗位、带动当地经济等方面带来了良好的影响,但从事经营管理的工作人员主要是林场原有的生产管理人员,其管理水平极其有限,在一定程度上阻碍了森林公园的发展。以湖北太子山国家森林公园为例分析其现有的组织机构和经营模式中存在的问题,建议:以市场为导向,强化监管力度;落实政企分开,完善企业人事制度;积极开展管理人员引进与培训。     

Regional erosion risk mapping for decision support: A case study from West Africa

Effective soil and water management strategies require regional-scale assessment of erosion risk in order to locate prioritized area of intervention. Our study focuses on the Atacora mountain and surrounding areas (covering more than 18% of the total land area of Republic of Benin) which face a serious erosion threat despite their ecological and economic importance. To appraise the level of soil erosion risk of large area, we rely on the Instituto Nacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (ICONA) erosion model and use data from geographic information system (GIS). The erosion risk model requires four main inputs, namely, information on slope, lithofacies, land use and vegetation cover. The slope layer computed from ASTER digital elevation model (DEM) and the lithofacies layer inferred from digital pedogeological map are combined to draw soil erodibility map. To build soil protection map, we use land use/land cover layer extracted from LANDSAT 7 ETM + images in addition to vegetation cover layer derived from MODIS NDVI product. The final erosion risk map (with a resolution of 1 arc second) is obtained by overlapping erodibility and soil protection maps. We find that 21.8%, 58.5%, and 19.5% of the study area presents very low to low, medium, and high to very high level of erosion risk, respectively. Moreover, our findings are aggregated at the district-level (administrative unit). We observe that erosion risk is more acute in Boukoumbe district. Kerou, Kobli and Natitingou districts are mildly affected by erosion risk, while Kouande, Materi, Pehunco, Tanguieta and Toucountouna districts face a low risk. Ultimately, the proposed erosion risk map can help researchers and decision makers design and implement effective soil and water management interventions in the study area.     

长白山地区森林湿地生态环境评价研究

长白山是重要的旅游地区,近几年快速发展的旅游产业给我国相对薄弱的自然旅游资源带来了极大的压力与破坏,也带来了很多负面影响,所以对长白山地区森林湿地生态环境做评价研究很有必要。以湿地功能为核心,着眼于对湿地生态系统结构或功能的现状评价及影响评价,对长白山森林湿地生态系统内各项指标的调查研究,选取代表性、稀有性、多样性、自然性、稳定性和人类威胁等多个指标并对其进行分级化处理,结合当地具体情况进行分级赋值评价。得到长白山地区森林湿地生态环境的评价分数为81.8分,属于生态环境良好的类别。     

四川秦巴山区水资源分布特征及平衡分析

四川秦巴山区是长江上游地区重要的生态屏障,也是国家重要的生物多样性和水源涵养生态功能区。在掌握该区域水资源分布特征的基础上,分析了区域内水资源的开发利用现状,并进行了水资源量的平衡分析,结合区域水资源分布特征和利用现状,提出了水资源可持续利用的对策建议。结果表明:四川秦巴山区的水资源量呈现分布不均匀的特性;区域水资源利用水平还较低,用水量在水资源总量中所占的比例还较小,从总量上看还有较大的利用空间;现状条件下,各分区供水量和用水量是平衡,但2020年,各市均存在月可供水量不能满足用水需求的情况,必须采取管理和工程综合措施对水资源进行合理配置,减缓缺水影响。     

四川秦巴山区绿色交通网络体系耦合分析

四川秦巴山区绿色交通系统构建中的三大要素,农副产品资源、旅游资源与区位资源,与秦巴山区绿色交通运输方式之间有密切的关系。通过研究农副产品与公路运输之间的耦合关系,研究旅游资源与公路运输系统之间的耦合关系,以不同交通体系耦合作用下资源环境承载力的分析为例,分析了四川秦巴山区绿色交通网络系统与交通运输方式的耦合关系;探讨了四川秦巴山区东部丰富的农副产品资源如何依赖较为发达的公路交通网络,而西部丰富的旅游资源如何与当前广元—成都等铁路干线密切关联,区位资源、交通运输方式如何与资源环境承载力密切相关等问题.     

基于区域差异性分析的文化旅游产业特征研究——以四川秦巴山区为例

四川秦巴山区作为秦巴山脉的核心组成部分,由于受自然条件、地理行政区划等因素的影响,其旅游资源并未完全转化为旅游经济优势。通过对阿尔卑斯山脉、落基山脉和秦巴山脉三大山脉的对比分析,总结出秦巴山脉发展旅游的优势,并在此基础上进行四川秦巴山区与周边城市的旅游发展竞合分析,提出四川秦巴山区与周边城市发展旅游的合作潜力,为实现四川秦巴山区旅游产业的发展提供基础条件。