创业者社会身份认知与新创企业创新

创业是嵌入在社会结构中的经济活动,创业者社会认知如何影响其创业战略决策是研究者关注的焦点。本研究基于社会认同理论区分创业者达尔文主义、社群主义和传教士主义三种不同社会身份认知对新创企业战略决策的影响及作用机制。研究发现,达尔文主义身份认同感促进创业者为积累个人财富而选择不确定性较低的商业模式创新;社群主义身份认同感使创业者为提供真正造福社区的产品和服务而积极开展技术创新;而传教士主义身份认同感促进创业者开展一切提升社会价值的创新活动,包括技术创新与商业模式创新;且创新网络关系强度通过提供创新所需的资源与信息在上述关系中起正向调节作用。本研究借助社会认同理论,将创业者社会身份认同感进一步引入新创企业创新决策的驱动因素研究中,深化和拓展了创业者创新行为的理论分析框架。     

Social landscape: Ten years of planning ‘valuable landscapes’ in Estonia

This paper gives an overview of theme planning on designating valuable landscapes in Estonia (1999–2003) and traces its impacts through the decade up to the present. We claim that in addition to the mapped list of valuable landscapes and their attributes as we have described them, this planning exercise called forth changes in society as well as in landscapes and their appreciation. As the project applied participatory planning tools unprecedented in post-communist Estonia, the Estonian word for landscape (maastik) is now being used more in everyday language, according to the way its meaning altered in the process.     

“I have to go the extra mile”. How fat female employees manage their stigmatized identity at work

This study explores how fat female employees engage in identity work to manage stigmatizing expectations grounded in healthism and obesity discourse that construct fat people as unhealthy, stupid, unprofessional, and lazy. We interviewed 22 women who self-identified as fat, full-figured or obese. Our analysis reveals how our participants engaged in identity work strategies in order to project a professional appearance and highlight their work performances. Many strategies reproduced dominant notions about fatness such as ‘smartening up’, ‘distracting’, ‘hiding’, ‘concealing’, ‘humour’, ‘compensating’, ‘explaining’ and ‘defensive Othering’. Yet at times some participants also used strategies that challenged dominant discourses about size, such as ‘flaunting’, ‘irony’ and ‘self-acceptance’. The identity work strategies our participants engaged in were not just narrative; many involved what they did with their bodies. We therefore argue the need for further theorizing embodied identity work, specifically with regards to how size matters in the context of employment.     

The PTA: Promoting Swiss tours, 1888–1939

This research examines the development from educational to commercial tourism in Britain between the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century by questioning whether this reflected a transformed understanding of the role of travel within society. It focuses on the Polytechnic Touring Association (PTA), a London-based originally philanthropic travel organisation that became a commercial firm. During this period the PTA moved from the project of contributing to the education of citizens to the market-led imperative of ‘harnessing’ a consumer desire. In examining this transformation via the PTA’s changing approach to the visual promotion of its Swiss tours, we suggest that the development of the tourism industry in Britain should also be explored in relation to changing ideas about travel’s contribution to social formation.     

Values of rural landscape: The case study Chlum u Třeboně (Bohemia)

Natural, historical, man-made and spiritual values of the rural landscape were investigated on the example of the rural municipality Chlum u Třeboně in Southern Bohemia (the Czech Republic). It shows that the rural landscape contains a set of values – such as substance, origin, size, and importance – many of which have negative connotations. Some of these values are protected, others are not. The set of values forms genius loci of the place which is an important part of the local identity. The landscape of the area under the study was monitored and analyzed from both macro-structural and micro-structural points of view. As the evaluation of values mainly depends on stakeholders (local residents, tourists, municipalities, entrepreneurs, landscape protection bodies, etc.), in the past, the values of the rural landscape were connected predominantly with its productive function. Based on the results it is possible to say that in relation to the transition towards the post-industrial society, values related to the landscape are gaining new importance such as wetlands or swamps to combat drought. It is necessary to pay higher attention to the dynamic and multi-functional aspects of the landscape values in the near future.     

领导—成员内在认同不对称模式研究:调节聚焦视角

以调节聚焦这一独特视角,考察了领导-成员内在认同不对称模式及其形成机理。从感知领导认同导向力与员工自我认同导向力两个方面提炼出影响该双元内在认同不对称的作用因素:领导因素(领导授权赋能、领导支持)与员工因素(工作胜任力、自我价值感)。研究结果表明,在这两种导向力强弱交错共同作用所形成的领导—成员内在认同不对称下,员工将通过两种不同的自我调节系统(促进型聚焦与防御型聚焦)形成4种模式。其中,领导低估型不对称包括"卧薪尝胆型""怀才不遇型",领导高估型不对称包括"不辱使命型""勉为其难型"。     

Identity and group conflict

We experimentally investigate the effects of real and minimal identities on group conflict. In turn we provide a direct empirical test of the hypotheses coined by Amartya Sen that the salience of a real identity escalates conflict but that of a mere classification would not do so. In a baseline treatment, two groups – East Asians and Caucasians – engage in a group contest, but information on the racial composition of the groups is not revealed. In the minimal identity treatment each group is arbitrarily given a different color code, whereas in the real identity treatment the race information is revealed. Supporting Sen׳s hypotheses, we find that compared to the baseline, free-riding declines and conflict effort increases in the real identity treatment but not in the minimal identity treatment. Moreover, this occurs due to an increase in efforts in the real identity treatment by females in both racial groups.     

Why culture matters for transport policy: the case of cycling in the UK

Policy seeks to support cycling as a form of sustainable and active travel, yet, cycling levels in the UK remain low and evidence about interventions mixed. Data from a qualitative sociological study is used here to explore the difference that cultural meanings make to cycling practices in four different English urban areas. Specifically, we discuss differences between places with established cycling cultures and those with newer cycling cultures. Drawing on concepts from practice theory we discuss the role that cultures of cycling play within the four places, and suggest how the meanings of cycling, including its association with other social identities, are connected to the materials and competences seen as necessary for cycling. Our research highlights the embedding of transport in local as well as national cultures, and the associated need for policy-makers to take culture seriously in considering how to shift transport practices.     

基于地方文脉的城市形象定位研究——以河北白沟为例

挖掘地方文化内涵,重塑城市特色形象是中国当前城市规划建设领域最紧迫、最重要的任务之一。地方文脉分析是城市形象定位的基石,城市形象定位是地方文脉的规范与强化。本文所讲的地方文脉是指一个地方自然和人文的文化内涵及其有机联系,是城市自然地理背景、历史文化传统、现实发展状况和未来发展目标的四维时空组合。在概念界定的基础上,文章以河北白沟为例,介绍了地方文脉的分析方法及其与城市形象定位的有机联系。     

Towards an identity-based brand equity model

In the context of increasingly interchangeable product and service offerings, brands are crucial drivers for product purchasing and usage decisions. Thus, they constitute a substantial intangible asset for most companies. In order to maximize this asset, current research has developed various brand equity models. However, the majority of these base their approach on an outside-in perspective by focusing on buyer perceptions of the brand and their related buying behavior. An integrated approach including for example employees as an important internal source of brand equity, has so far received little attention. The following paper aims to close this gap by developing a new integrated brand equity model. This research explores the sources of brand equity from both internal and external perspectives at the behavioral and financial level in order to achieve a more accurate and sustainable brand equity measurement approach.