Inclusive healthcare and the political settlement in Cambodia

Over the past 15 years Cambodia has made significant strides in expanding effective access to free healthcare for the poor, thanks largely to ‘Health Equity Funds’ (HEFs), a multi-stakeholder health-financing mechanism. HEF operators have helped expand access, incentivise health staff, and lobby on behalf of poor patients. However, despite their successes, they have been unable convincingly to address some of the deeper-seated problems of the Cambodian health system, such as under-resourced facilities, underpaid, poorly qualified staff and a burgeoning private sector. This paper explains this state of affairs as a product of Cambodia's ‘political settlement’, in which relatively successful multi-stakeholder initiatives exist as ‘islands of effectiveness’ in a sea of rent-seeking and patronage. While such islands may currently be the best solution available for the poor, the deeper problems are unlikely to be solved without a shift in the political settlement itself.     

南京城市人居环境质量预警研究

人居环境是人类生存和发展的基础,也是衡量人类社会进步与文化发展的重要标识。文章在人居环境尺度链中选择了城市尺度作为研究层次,采用人工神经网络方法对指标值进行预测,以南京市为研究对象,建立人居环境的预警系统,并进行了初步的预警研究。     

发达国家农村人居环境建设的经验及其启示

发达国家在农村人居环境建设的过程中,采取了一系列行之有效的措施和办法,并具有相对完善的制度体系,已经积累了丰富的实践经验,实现了农村居民生活环境的全面提升。在研究发达国家农村人居建设方面经验的基础上,结合我国农村发展的实际现状和客观条件,提出了把农村环境监督治理落到实处,发展过程中重视农民主体作用,重视建设农民精神文化生活,农村建设要因地制宜等对策建议。     

Lessons from approaches to informal housing and non-compliant development in Turkey: An in-depth policy analysis with a historical framework

This article examines informal housing/non-compliant development and related formalisation practices in Turkey. An in-depth policy analysis is conducted within a historical framework to underline outcomes and policy performance of approaches and formalisation initiatives. The analysis was conducted by taking the earlier studies focusing on the formalisation practices and debates in the international literature into consideration in order to understand how the case of Turkey confirms, contradicts or adds to the existing body of the literature. Formalisation practices in Turkey, especially the recent one implemented in 2018, have been successful to secure land tenure rights to a certain extent. However, these attempts have not addressed the issues such as mitigating hazard risks, enabling public participation, managing the processes transparently and inspecting the non-compliant development put forward by the scholars. The outcomes of the policy analysis are compared with the approaches of transition and developed economies in Mediterranean Basin. As a result of these comparisons, remarkable similarities were found. The findings of the analysis can be a harbinger of the future for other countries on a rapid development path by means of a considerable policy exchange between countries with similar population and GDP.     

Drivers of informal settlements at the peri-urban areas of Woldia: Assessment on the demographic and socio-economic trigger factors

Though Ethiopia is one of the least urbanized countries of the world, its urban areas are expanding rapidly. Woldia, which is a Zonal town is no exception to this trend and situation. As a result of its rapid horizontal expansion and growth, Woldia is currently confronted with different types of urban problems. The emergence and growth of informal settlements is one of these challenges. To that end, this paper investigates the foremost demographic and socio-economic triggering factors that played key roles for the growth of informal settlements at the peri-urban areas of Woldia. In order to achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire survey covering a total of 244 sample households was carried out in addition to in-depth interviews, FGDs and key informants. Accordingly, the income disparity; the rise in the lease price of urban land, and the meager compensation paid to peri-urban farmers during their lands expropriation are among the key economic drivers for the growth of informal settlements. Similarly, ever-increasing urban population and inefficient land provision, and lack of housing affordability compounded by the rise in the rental accommodation are the other triggers factors. All these factors, among others, point to the fact that socio-economic and demographic factors are all tied to the immediate growth of such settlements. Thus, lands at the periphery are misused and the situation has greatly contributed to the unlawful and rapid expansion of built-up areas in the city administration.     

绿色伊春:改善人居环境的探索与实践

介绍了伊春在改善人居环境方面的积极探索和实践,充分认识森林在人居环境建设中重要作用,分析伊春改善人居环境的责任感和紧迫感,确立伊春改善人居环境的总体发展目标定位,即打造"森林城市",构筑"绿色伊春"。认为应大力发展生态经济,积极保护培育森林资源,加快体制机制创新,完善城镇基础设施等,着力提升城市人居环境质量。     

广西县域乡村人居环境质量评价及时空分异特征

目的 基于乡村人居环境五大子系统评价乡村人居环境质量并解析其时空演变分异特征,以制定有效提升广西乡村人居环境质量的对策与建议。方法 文章构建乡村人居环境质量评价指标体系,综合运用改进熵权法、ArcGIS空间分析方法对广西乡村人居环境质量进行测度,探究其时空分异特征。结果 （1）2006—2020年广西乡村人居环境质量整体提升显著,空间上呈现由“散点状”向“东北高西南低”的演变发展特征;但在东西方向,呈现出由东、西部水平相当,到西部高于东部,再到东部逐渐又高于西部的交替演变发展特征;而在南北方向,呈现出由“南高北低”向“北高南低”的演变发展特征。（2）广西乡村人居环境自然系统质量整体稳定发展,空间上呈现出“东北部、西部高,东南部低”的演变发展特征;人类系统质量整体提升明显,呈现由“南高北低”向“散点状”的演变发展特征;社会系统质量整体提升显著,空间上呈现出“西部降低,东部提高,东、西部差距不断扩大的演变发展特征;居住系统质量整体提升巨大,空间上呈现由“散点状”向“相对均衡”的演变发展特征;支撑系统质量整体提升较大,呈现“相对均衡”向“散点状”的演变发展特征。结论 乡村人居环境质量演变发展的时空差异特征明显,应实施差异化、针对性的乡村人居环境质量提升措施,以有效促进乡村高质量发展。     

Unravelling the dynamics of access to farmland in Tigray,Ethiopia: The ‘emerging land market’ revisited

This article uses ethnographic evidence from Tigray to revisit the debate on informal rural land markets in present-day Ethiopia. It explores informal farmland rental from a historico-anthropological, micro-analytical perspective in relation to the formal allocation of land use rights and to other informal land transfer practices. It shows how different rationales for land rental give rise to different socially embedded tenancy configurations. On the basis of this empirical evidence, the paper questions the appropriateness of the common idea that in Ethiopia ‘the land rental market is expanding’. It argues that research and policy thinking on land in Ethiopia could gain analytical power and relevance by adopting a less monolithic and abstract view on people's informal land transfer practices.     

基于“产—景—村”融合的西安市乡村聚落空间格局分析

目的 分析西安市乡村聚落空间格局特征,并基于“产—景—村”融合发展背景,探析乡村空间优化。方法 文章对1 905个西安市行政村,通过坐标拾取工具获取各行政村地理坐标,并运用ArcGIS10.2,选取平均最邻近指数和核密度指数分析乡村聚落空间分布特征,同时结合区域发展数据分析并提取乡村聚落产业空间和景观空间元素,结合“产—景—村”发展模式,系统分析西安市乡村聚落发展格局并提出优化措施。结果 （1）西安市乡村聚落空间模式为集聚分布,集聚程度一般;（2）聚落平均分布密度为0.217 9个/km²,整体上呈现出“一核四带、东密西疏、北密南疏”的空间分布特征,且趋向于经济发达区域集中分布;（3）人口空间集聚最大的特征表现为高-高集聚和低-低集聚的模式。西安市经济和人口密度具有明显的城市辐射效应,尤其以西安市辖区、高陵区和长安区的村落发展具有明显的经济、人口和道路优势;（4）而“一核四带”中,又以“四带”优势明显。（5）最后基于“产—景—村”模式下提取出乡村聚落景观要素,并给出相应优化措施。结论 西安市乡村聚落空间格局优化需要以自然环境为优化大格局,通过规划设计使得产业具有景观价值,景观具有产业功能,融合工业和旅游业,打造产业景观点,最终建立乡村生产、生活和生态融合发展的乡村聚落空间,促进乡村聚落“产—景—村”融合发展。     

农村非正规金融组织演变、规模与政策选择

农村非正规金融事实上一直在中国农村金融市场中扮演着特殊角色,本文对国内非正规金融与民间金融两种概念进行了必要区分,并指出农村非正规金融组织演变进程是由原先的社会属性向经济属性、关系型信用向准契约型信用转变的过程.中国农村非正规金融的最终演变方向与政府政策选择有着密切联系,政府应该有效地整合农村非正规金融资源,将其纳入到正式制度的调节范围,使其最终成为中国农村金融体系中的重要组成部分.