Hierarchies and Groups in DEA

Conventional applications of data envelopment analysis (DEA) presume the existence of a set of similar decision making units, wherein each unit is evaluated relative to other members of the set. Often, however, the DMUs fall naturally into groupings, giving rise first to the problem of how to view the groups themselves as DMUs, and second to the issue of how to deal with several different ratings for any given DMU when groupings can be formed in different ways. In the present paper we introduce the concept of hierarchical DEA, where efficiency can be viewed at various levels. We provide a means for adjusting the ratings of DMUs at one level to account for the ratings received by the groups (into which these DMUs fall) at a higher level. We also develop models for aggregating different ratings for a DMU arising from different possible groupings. An application of these models to a set of power plants is given.     

输电线路防外力破坏的重点——清理高杆植物

输电线路是电力系统的主要输电介质,通过线路将发电厂生产的原始电能传输到企业或个人用户以供使用。由于输电线路传输距离长远,线路路径会跨越各种不同区域,因此输电线路难免会受到外力的破坏,特别是沿线高杆植物,更容易影响到输电线路的安全运行。针对这一点,文章以高杆植物代表,分析了输电线路防外力破坏的相关问题。     

屋顶花园荷载问题探析

屋顶花园是屋顶绿化的一种特殊形式,而屋面荷载问题则是发展屋顶花园的首要关键问题。本文主要从活荷载和静荷载两个方面阐述了屋顶花园的荷载来源及分类,分析了各类荷载的特点和标准。减少屋面荷载主要从减少静荷载的种植基质重量、优先绿化植物、景观小品的设置规模数量和位置以及排水设施材料等方面入手。     

Cost-effectiveness of primary antifungal prophylaxis with posaconazole versus itraconazole in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Abstract

Purpose:

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of posaconazole vs itraconazole in the prevention of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).

Methods:

Total hospital-based costs from initial admission for allo-HSCT until day 100 after transplantation were evaluated for 49 patients in whom the clinical efficacy of antifungal prophylaxis with posaconazole vs itraconazole had been previously analyzed and reported. Clinical and economic data were used to determine the incremental costs per IFI avoided and per life-year gained for posaconazole compared with itraconazole. Confidence intervals for the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and a cost-effectiveness acceptability curve were estimated through bootstrapping with the bias-corrected percentile method.

Results:

According to our analysis, the total cost of allo-HSCT per patient during the 100-day fixed-treatment period was €46,562 in the posaconazole group (n?=?33) and €45,080 in the itraconazole group (n?=?16). However, the reduction in the incidence of IFI and the improved outcome with posaconazole resulted in a favorable ICER of €11,856 per IFI avoided and €5218 per life-year gained. With the outcomes of the bootstrap procedure, the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve was constructed. Assuming a threshold of €30,000 per life-year gained, the ICER based on life-years gained is acceptable with 75% certainty.

Limitations:

This evaluation is based on data from a single-center, non-randomized study. Preference weights or utilities were not available to calculate quality-adjusted life-years. Extra-mural costs were only partially evaluated from a hospital perspective. Indirect costs and economic consequences are not included.

Conclusions:

This economic evaluation compared direct medical costs associated with posaconazole or itraconazole treatment; the data suggest that posaconazole may be cost-effective as antifungal prophylaxis during the early high-risk neutropenic period and up to 100 days after allo-HSCT.     

黑龙江省林药结合立体开发结构

探讨了不同生态立地条件下,结构不同林相及群落组合,合理搭配成近期与远期效益兼顾的林药结合的立体开发结构模式,对促进资源的合理开发利用,贯彻天然林保护工程,实施以副养林,摆脱“两危”困境的积极意义。     

一种新型低纯氧设备的流程设计开发

随着化工市场的发展,个性化空分设备越来越重要,本文就是针对市场的发展,开发的一项针对性比较强的一种流程组织。在将来这种设备会越来越多,这个市场会越来越大。     

电力市场改革背景下火力发电厂安全生产管理研究

伴随社会经济的迅速发展,生产生活发生了翻天覆地的变化,各行业对于电力的需求逐步增加。要想满足人们日益增长的电力需求,就要提高对火力发电厂安全生产工作的重视程度。通过加大安全生产管理力度,助推火力发电厂的持续性经营与发展。在电力工业体制深度变革的关键阶段,电力生产安全的重要性也进一步显现。在电力市场改革的背景下,火力发电厂要想在效益获取和长效运转方面实现平衡,就需要将安全生产管理贯穿全程,做好安全事故的防范与应对工作,顺利达成安全生产管理的目标。     

浅谈钦州花卉产业发展的前景

花卉产业的发展不仅能装点园林城市的美好形象,提高市民精神文化素养,而且能为农村产业结构调整和农民增收,发挥积极而不可替代的作用。建设园林城市要重视花卉产业的研究、引导和扶持,不断壮大我市花卉产业,为我市园林城市的建设提供强大的物质基础和保障。     

探讨火力发电厂环保设备的管理及应用

对于火力发电厂来说,其在日常运行中必须要遵循安全、高效的规范与原则。为满足这一需求,需要保障火力发电厂内相关设备运行的稳定性和可靠性,提高火力发电厂的社会价值与经济效益。如今,随着国家对环境保护工作的重视程度不断提高,火力发电厂内环保设备的管理和应用已经成为社会各界所关注的重点内容。对此,论文主要对火力发电厂环保设备的管理与应用进行分析,以供参考。