Social cost of CO2 abatement from energy efficiency and solar power in the United States

Frequently cited empirical analyses ask whether we should make the transition from reliance on fossil fuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and conclude that the transition is too costly so we should, instead, focus policy on how to adapt to global warming. This paper makes two improvements in the analysis. First, this empirical analysis accounts for existing low-cost alternatives that are substitutes for fossil fuels. Second, this empirical analysis incorporates existing estimates of externalities from fossil fuels. These two basic improvements in the analysis alter the conclusion; policy should focus on how rapidly and extensively to make the transition from reliance on fossil fuels to the alternatives. The corollary is that we should focus on the efficacy and cost of policy options that are designed to accomplish the transition.     

张掖市甘州区土地利用的时空结构分异研究

土地利用变化时空分异在很大程度上都反映于土地利用结构的时空分异,描述土地类型空间结构分异最常用的方法就是比较分析不同土地利用类型在空间方位上的差异。但考虑到此方法的一些缺陷,本文在上述方法的基础上,引入了年均变化强度指数指标来描述土地利用的时空结构分异特征。为了便于比较某一研究时期土地利用变化的强弱或趋势,可计算各空间单元的年均变化强度指数,它实质就是用各空间单元的土地面积来对其年均变化速度进行标准化处理,使其具有可比性,得出各不同用地类型的时空结构分异情况,对出现这种情况的原因进行综合分析评价,从而达到全面把握土地变化规律的目的。     

基于CLUE-S模型的区域土地利用布局优化

首先根据区域土地利用现状特点及布局调整可行性,对现状布局不合理之处进行调整,形成土地利用现状优化布局;其次利用CLUE-S模型的全局空间模拟能力,以Logistic回归方式提取不同用地类型的优化分布规则,以此为据推演目标年区域土地利用优化布局。结果表明:全局土地利用类型空间优化的复杂性在于不同用地类型对同一空间单元有竞争关系;CLUE-S模型的空间配置原理可用于全局土地利用布局优化;2020年扬州土地利用优化布局中,城镇工矿用地主要向市区西北扩张,同时仪征市区北部及宝应县北部亦有明显分布,园地与林地主要分布在西南丘陵区、市区以北的邵伯湖周围与以南的长江岸堤,农村居民点经布局优化后主要分布在城镇周围与交通较便捷地区。     

强化药事管理职能,督导药物合理应用

目的强化医院药事管理职能,督导临床合理用药,建立合理用药考核机制。有效保证患者用药安全、有效、合理。方法完善药事管理组织和制度,将工作重点从监管药品质量转移到药物治疗的合理应用中,通过开展临床合理用药督导工作,健全药物临床合理应用考核机制、指导并干预临床合理用药。结果药占比从2009年的44.8%下降至2013年的32.8%,低于"二甲"医院平均水平。3年来,抗菌药物使用率下降15.9%,病原学送检率上升15.2%。结论临床用药情况有序可控,有效遏制了药品的不合理应用。     

Does City Structure Affect Job Search and Welfare?

We develop a model in which workers' search efficiency is negatively affected by access to jobs. Workers' location in a city is endogenous and reflects a trade-off between commuting costs and the surplus associated with search. Different configurations emerge in equilibrium; notably, the unemployed workers may reside far away (segregated city) or close to jobs (integrated city). We prove that there exists a unique and stable market equilibrium in which both land and labor markets are solved for simultaneously. We find that, despite inefficient search in the segregated city equilibrium, the welfare difference between the two equilibria is not so large due to differences in commuting costs. We also show how a social planner can manipulate wages by subsidizing/taxing the transport costs and can accordingly restore the efficiency.     

The evolution and resilience of community-based land tenure in rural Mexico

This paper examines the evolution of ejido tenure in Mexico since the 1992 constitutional and legal reforms in that country. Prior to the Mexican Revolution, communal tenure had all but disappeared, but since 1920 community-based tenure re-emerged to become the dominant tenure form in Mexico. The paper investigates ejido land tenure through an examination of ejido governance structures and the tenure rules relating to the acquisition, transfer and extinction of land and resource rights. It draws on community-level research and numerous published case studies, relevant laws, and on data describing the status of ejidos countrywide. This reveals a diverse set of practices, which in many instances depart from the rules as defined in the Agrarian Law and even in internal community regulations. Land tenure plays a critical mediating role in the inter-relationship between humans and the environment. Using the framework of resilience I examine the persistence of ejido tenure and its dynamics in the aftermath of major land policy and legal reforms. Three major ‘shocks’ are identified which are seriously challenging the resilience of ejidos. These are the 1992 legal reforms, NAFTA and the resulting out-migration from rural Mexico, and urbanization. I conclude that ejidos have generally been resilient enough to accommodate the 1992 reforms, but problems with cross-generational transfers that stem in part from labor migration, and urbanization have set ejidos on a course that could ultimately overcome all but the most resilient communities.     

论服装的流行

从服装流行的定义着手，论述了人与服装的关系，人的心理因素对服装的制约是内在的，潜在的。不管流行毁多情又无情的特点，服装流行总有一定的周期和规律，流行随时间而循环，再现，但我们要活用流行。     

Anti‐microbial hand washes for domestic use – their effectiveness in vitro and in normal use

The killing or removal of microbes from the hands is a critical factor in food safety as many studies have shown the hands to be both an important source of microbes and powerful agents of cross‐contamination in hospital and domestic situations. In response to this concern, a number of novel hand‐washing products have appeared on the market. These products contain anti‐microbial agents and claim to be more effective at removing bacteria than soap bars and conventional liquid soaps. This study attempts to test these claims by comparing the effectiveness of a conventional soap bar, a conventional liquid soap and an anti‐microbial liquid soap containing triclosan. In vitro tests demonstrate that the anti‐microbial liquid soap is more effective than conventional liquid soaps in reducing the viability of six bacterial species and that this effect is both time and dose dependent. However, when the three soaps were compared for their ability to reduce microbial counts on the hands no differences were observed between the three products. For all three soaps, counts after washing sometimes went up and sometimes down when compared with pre‐wash counts. This was the case both when the soaps were used ‘normally’– that is, with great variation in the time taken, water and soap volumes used and method of washing and after a standardized, rigorous wash recommended in clinical situations. Furthermore, reduction in microbial counts from hands contaminated by handling raw meat was no greater for the anti‐microbial than for the conventional liquid soap.     

Measuring sustainability: Why the ecological footprint is bad economics and bad environmental science

The ecological footprint is a measure of the resources necessary to produce the goods that an individual or population consumes. It is also used as a measure of sustainability, though evidence suggests that it falls short. The assumptions behind footprint calculations have been extensively criticized; I present here further evidence that it fails to satisfy simple economic principles because the basic assumptions are contradicted by both theory and historical data. Specifically, I argue that the footprint arbitrarily assumes both zero greenhouse gas emissions, which may not be ex ante optimal, and national boundaries, which makes extrapolating from the average ecological footprint problematic. The footprint also cannot take into account intensive production, and so comparisons to biocapacity are erroneous. Using only the assumptions of the footprint then, one could argue that the Earth can sustain greatly increased production, though there are important limitations that the footprint cannot address, such as land degradation. Finally, the lack of correlation between land degradation and the ecological footprint obscures the effects of a larger sustainability problem. Better measures of sustainability would address these issues directly.     

国外休假制度及其对中国的借鉴

中国休假制度的改进和完善,离不开对国际经验的借鉴.本文首先对国外休假制度和休假状况进行了系统的梳理和分析,接着针对中国情况,深入探究了其对中国休假制度的借鉴作用.本文从新的视角审视了中国休假制度,拓展了休假制度研究的领域,并且指明了中国休假制度完善的方向.