天津市农村生态经济问题与思考

本文以天津农村为例,从农村生产、需求、生态三结构的协调发展;农村生态经济数量、质量、效益三结构的协调统一;农村生态经济系统中物流、能流与信息流、价值流的协调促进以及农村经济与环境协调发展的政策等四个方面指出当前存在的问题,提高调整的方向和有关政策思考。     

我国国债规模的现状评价分析

当前，我国国债规模急剧扩张，这已引起社会各界的广泛关注。文章就此通过分析我国国债规模的衡量指标以及现状，提出了控制国债规模应从构建与市场经济相适应的财政收支制度着手的新举措。     

我国国民收入分配的决定因素分析

我国居民收入分配差距不断扩大,既有体制性因素,也与经济发展方式密切相关。国民收入分配格局的合理或不合理内生于我国社会经济发展的大环境。本文在深入分析我国国民收入分配决定因素的基础上,指出,政府收入规模适度扩大有利于优化国民收入分配的长期格局,并就财政如何在优化国民收入分配中发挥作用提出了建议。     

当前深化国有企业改革的几个问题

当前深化国有企业改革的几个问题国家经贸委副秘书长朱焘企业改革一直是整个经济体制改革的中心环节。１６年来企业改革以市场为导向，采取渐进的方式推进，取得了显著成效，涌现了一批搞得好的国有大中型企业，为国民经济高速发展做出了贡献。以党的十四大和十四届三中全...     

Broadband׳s contribution to economic growth in rural areas: Moving towards a causal relationship

This paper uses recent data on both broadband availability and adoption to empirically gauge the contribution of broadband to the economic growth of rural areas of the United States over the past decade. Availability data from the National Broadband Map aggregated to county level is used in conjunction with county-level adoption data from Federal Communication Commission. Economic variables of interest include median household income, number of firms with paid employees, total employed, percentage in poverty, and the percentage of employees classified as either creative class or non-farm proprietors. A propensity score matching technique (between a “treated” group associated with various broadband thresholds and a control group) is used to make preliminary causal statements regarding broadband and economic health. Growth rates between 2001 and 2010 for different economic measures are tested for statistical differences between the treated and non-treated groups, restricting the analysis to non-metropolitan counties. Results suggest that high levels of broadband adoption in rural areas positively (and potentially causally) impacted income growth between 2001 and 2010, and negatively influenced unemployment growth. Similarly, low levels of broadband adoption in rural areas lead to declines in the number of firms and total employment numbers in the county. Broadband availability measures (as opposed to adoption) demonstrate only limited impacts, suggesting that future broadband policies should be more demand-oriented.     

社会收入对西部城乡收入差距的影响——基于11省市2000户居民的调查数据

对城乡收入差距的研究最终将关注于真实收入的差异,本文依据对西部地区11个省市的2000个镇(村)2000户居民的调查数据的统计分析,发现西部地区社会收入的差距比经济收入的差距大得多;社会收入会对城乡收入差距产生直接影响,使西部地区城乡收入比扩大10.4%。因此,建议重视缩小西部地区城乡社会收入差距的政策设计、增加西部地区农村居民的社会收入、推行城乡一体化的社会保障体系、改革收入统计。     

金融发展、对外贸易与中国就业增长——基于省际面板数据的实证分析

金融发展与对外贸易的开展对一国就业增长有着深远的影响。本文利用中国31省际面板数据（1997-2009）,实证检验了金融发展、对外贸易及二者之间的交互效应对就业增长的影响。研究结果表明,仅对外贸易促进了就业增长,而金融发展及其与对外贸易的交互效应与就业增长之间呈负相关关系。最后本文提出了相关的政策建议。     

农户联保贷款不良率高的成因分析——以吉林省德惠市农村信用社为例

农户联保贷款是农村金融产品的一个创新,为农户贷款难开辟了一条新途径,然而实际运营过程中,由于管理不到位及一些客观原因,致使农户贷款中出现大量的不良。本文通过对德惠市农村信用社农户联保贷款的调查,深入分析农户联保贷款的成因。     

The Influence of Patriarchal Norms,Institutions, and Household Composition on Women's Employment in Twenty-Eight Muslim-Majority Countries

ABSTRACT

The low level of women's employment in Muslim-majority countries is often explained by patriarchy, while disregarding variation among and within these countries. Using a new theoretical framework, this study translates patriarchy as a concept to macro- and micro-level explanations of employment. It formulates and tests hypotheses for societal norms and institutions and household composition, including how the latter's effects are context dependent. The study analyzes data from surveys (1997–2008) for twenty-eight countries, 383 districts, and 250,410 women and finds that men's public dominance over women decreases women's employment. Presence of – in particular non-foster – children and elderly people at home withholds women from labor market entrance. However, presence of other women in the household stimulates labor market entrance. Absence of a partner, male household head, or other adult men pushes women into the labor market, and thus, for example, male breadwinners' absence has a weaker negative effect in contexts of male public dominance.     

What do we know about audit quality?

This paper reviews empirical research over the past 25 years, mainly from the United States, in order to assess what we currently know about audit quality with respect to publicly listed companies. The evidence indicates that outright audit failure rates are infrequent, far less than 1% annually, and audit fees are quite small, less than 0.1% of aggregate client sales. This suggests there may be an acceptable level of audit quality at a relatively low cost. There is also evidence of voluntary differential audit quality (above the legal minimum) along a number of dimensions such as firm size, industry specialization, office characteristics, and cross-country differences in legal systems and auditor liability exposure. The evidence is very positive although there is some indication that audit quality may have declined in the 1990s, in which case there could be merit in recent reforms such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the US. However, we do not know from research the optimal level of audit quality and therefore whether we currently have ‘too little’ or ‘too much’ auditing? Despite this lacuna we are entering an era of more mandated auditing in response to high-profile corporate governance failures including the Enron–Andersen affair. Finally, while recent reforms have scaled back the scope of non-audit services due to independence concerns, a case can be made that audit quality will always be somewhat suspect if other services are provided that are perceived to potentially compromise the auditor's objectivity and skepticism. For this reason public confidence in audit quality may be increased by proscribing all non-audit services for audit clients. Recommendations are also proposed with respect to legal liability reform and changes in partner compensation arrangements.