Evaluating Input Standards for Non‐Point Pollution Control under Firm Heterogeneity

The efficacy and cost of input standards for reducing nitrate pollution from New Zealand dairy production are evaluated. In contrast to previous studies, firm heterogeneity is explicitly considered through the novel integration of efficient techniques for the calibration and decomposition of large optimisation models. Nitrogen fertiliser application should not be targeted by policy given its minor role in determining emissions. In contrast, livestock intensity is an appropriate base for regulation given its strong correlation with pollutant load. Abatement cost increases as stocking rate declines, but this can be offset at low levels of regulation through utilising slack feed resources to improve per‐cow milk production. Both uniform and differentiated input standards based on livestock intensity achieve substantial decreases in pollutant load at moderate cost. However, because of disparity in the slopes of abatement cost curves across firms, a differentiated policy is more cost‐effective at the levels of regulation required to achieve key societal goals for improved water quality.     

Tourist segments' justifications for behaving in an environmentally unsustainable way

Misalignment of pro-environmental beliefs and environmentally unsustainable vacation behaviour can cause psychological tension to tourists. They manage this tension by finding justifications for their behaviour, rather than changing their behaviour. A recent study has systematized such justification; this systematics is used in the present study to investigate the existence of tourist segment sharing justification patterns. A finite mixture model with concomitant variables is used to analyse 2785 survey responses. Three segments are identified. The government blamers express strong interest in the environmental sustainability of their vacation, but deny both their responsibility and ability to make a difference. The struggling seekers would not book their dream vacation if it was environmentally unfriendly, yet do not feel in control of reducing negative environmental impacts of their holiday, which they fully acknowledge. The impact neglecters also state they would not book their dream vacation if it was environmentally unfriendly, but their main justification for taking – potentially environmentally harmful – vacations is denial of the negative environmental consequences of tourism. The existence of these differences in justification patterns indicates different approaches could counteract each of these segment-specific beliefs by inducing cognitive dissonance, shown in other contexts to induce behavioural change. Advice on approaches is given.     

Revisiting the imitation assumption: Why imitation may increase,rather than decrease,performance heterogeneity

Research Summary: Imitation is a central construct in strategy theory because it is assumed to diminish inter‐firm performance heterogeneity within an industry. We revisit this assumption, which is premised on the logic that imitated practices act directly to make the imitator more similar to its target. This logic is incomplete because imitation also acts indirectly—via its effect on an imitator's post‐imitation experiential learning efforts through which it refines imitated practices and fills remaining knowledge gaps. We examine how an imitator's focus of attention during this post‐imitation experiential learning process impacts performance heterogeneity. Employing a computational model, we contrast the heterogeneity resulting from imitative entry with that from de novo (non‐imitative) entry and identify conditions under which imitation may increase, rather than decrease, inter‐firm performance heterogeneity. Managerial Summary: Imitation is commonly assumed to be a low‐risk strategy by which firms can narrow the performance gap to the market leader. This assumption is predicated on an understanding of imitation that neglects the impact of imitation on subsequent, post‐imitation, learning. Such learning serves to refine the imitated practices and fill remaining knowledge gaps. Our theory suggests that imitation is more risky than is typically assumed. Imitation leads to bifurcated performance outcomes. An imitator is more likely to: (a) catch up to the market leader, and (b) perform far worse than it would have without imitation. Key factors driving the riskiness of imitation are the observability of the market leader's practices and an imitator's decision regarding its focus of attention in post‐imitation learning.     

国际化、本地化与信评机构的监督功能——基于对企业避税行为识别的研究

以2011—2017年上市公司发债主体数据为研究样本,研究发现企业避税程度越高,债券信用评级越低,证明了我国信评机构是可以履行自身的监督职能的;这种关系在本地监督和内资信评机构的背景下更加显著;而国有产权性质缓释了信评机构监督责任履行,更进一步,通过事后违约检验强化了信评机构的监督功能,支持了债券定价作用。此外,研究丰富了当前的信用评级要素,警示发债企业应注重诚信以及公共责任履行,也暗示了社会主体信息共享的必要性。     

顾及区域异质性驱动的土地利用变化模拟模型研究

研究目的：探索一种具有区域异质性转换规则、能模拟包含多个子区域的区域未来土地利用变化模拟模型（MFLUS）,并验证其可靠性。研究方法：通过多水平Logistic模型获取具有区域异质性的土地利用变化驱动机制,并耦合FLUS的自适应惯性机制CA构建MFLUS模型;然后将MFLUS用于徐州铜山区2010—2017年的土地利用变化模拟,并将结果与采用普通Logistic模型获取转换规则的Logistic-FLUS及FLUS模型进行对比。研究结果：（1）研究区土地利用变化受镇级及栅格尺度因素的综合作用,各地类驱动力的多水平Logistic模型比Logistic模型更具解释能力;（2）子区域层次的因素不仅会直接影响土地利用布局,而且会通过强化或弱化栅格层次因素的作用强度而间接影响土地利用布局;（3）无论是目视对比还是精度指标比较,MFLUS模拟效果均优于Logistic-FLUS及FLUS模型,其中MFLUS的FoM分别比Logistic-FLUS及FLUS提高16.74%和5.11%。研究结论：MFLUS模型在揭示和模拟包含多个子区域的区域土地利用变化过程与机理方面更具可靠性,可为包含多个行政区的区域国土空间规划提供决策支持。     

贫困地区小农户农业技术采纳意愿及其异质性分析——基于“信息—动机—行为技巧”模型

运用"信息-动机-行为技巧"（IMB）行为改变模型,探讨贫困地区农户农业技术采纳意愿的影响因素,分析不同贫困程度、不同经营规模、不同收入结构农户农业技术采纳意愿影响因素的异质性。研究发现：采纳动机、农技技巧对农户农业技术采纳意愿有显著影响,非农收入、预期收益、农业劳动力数量、风险态度、风险保障、科技培训和经营规模是影响农户采纳意愿的关键因素。不同类型的农户农业技术采纳意愿的影响因素具有差异。家庭经营规模、科技培训对贫困户农业技术采纳意愿影响更显著,农业技术信息获取渠道、非农收入对非贫困户农业技术采纳意愿影响更显著;劳役动机和农业技术使用技巧对经营规模较小的农户农业技术采纳意愿更显著;农业技术了解程度对以农业收入为主的农户农业技术采纳意愿影响更显著,非农收入、驻村农业技术员对以非农收入为主的农户农业技术采纳意愿影响更显著。     

大中城市周边乡村景观格局分析*——以沈阳市为例

[目的]十九大报告针对城乡未来发展,提出实施利国利民的乡村振兴战略。随着中国经济实力不断增强,大中城市不断扩张,城市周边乡村景观格局受到不同程度的剧烈影响。城边乡村景观的合理布局有利于加快生态宜居的乡村振兴进程,是实现乡村振兴的重要一环。[方法]文章以沈阳市周边乡村为研究区域,基于GIS技术、半变异函数与移动窗口法相结合,分别从破碎化和多样性角度分析景观异质性的空间特征,探索城市周边乡村景观分布格局,并分析该格局形成的驱动因素。[结果](1)研究区主要乡村景观类型为耕地,其次为建设用地和有林地;河流水面、水库水面和灌木林地斑块密度较小,最大斑块指数较高,表明三者的景观异质性较低;(2)农村道路、沟渠和建设用地3类景观破碎度较大,斑块密度高,平均斑块面积较小;(3)浑河及其沿岸景观异质性较高;除浑河以外其他地区,东北部景观均质化较东南部高,东南部景观格局异质性随着与城市中心距离的变化出现一定梯度的改变,主要受与城市中心距离、人为对土地利用开发强度的影响。[结论]研究结果可为该研究地区及相似大中城市周边乡村景观格局分析提供定量参考依据,为乡村振兴战略及山水林田湖草的优化整治提供理论依据。     

Voting for Environmental Policy Under Income and Preference Heterogeneity

We examine the design of policies for promoting the consumption of green products under preference and income heterogeneity using organic food as an example. Two instruments are considered: a price subsidy for organic food products and a tax on conventional products. When the income differences and social benefits of organic farming are large, these factors dominate in shaping the policy preferences of the majority. In this case, the environmental policies preferred by the majority tend to be stricter than socially optimal policies. However, when income differences are small, policy preferences are more directly determined by tastes for organic products and the majority may prefer no intervention.     

供给侧要素对京津冀工业能源强度的异质性影响分析

京津冀协同发展,工业节能减排是重点突破领域,供给侧改革是重要抓手.为探讨供给侧要素影响京津冀工业能源强度的区域异质性,利用2000—2017年京、津、冀三个区域的时间序列数据,分别构建工业能源强度与劳动生产率、投资强度、能源消费结构、科技创新、环境规制等供给侧要素间的岭回归分析模型,进而运用通径分析法揭示各要素间的内在...     

三江平原植被景观异质性对生态系统服务功能的影响

三江平原植被景观异质性对生态功能的影响主要为:草甸、沼泽、水域景观生态价值减少,农田景观面积的大幅度增长,严重损害了三江平原生态系统的服务功能,森林、灌丛生态系统服务价值略有增加,但由于增加的幅度较小,所以远远不能弥补农业开发所带来的损失,生态服务价值损失了13.423×108元.人类活动的加剧,导致生态系统服务较强的...