社会互动、信任与股市参与

什么影响了居民的股市参与?采用2004年广东省居民调查数据,本文发现,社会互动和信任都推动了居民参与股市。股市低迷造成的普遍性股票投资损失会降低社会互动的积极作用,而社会互动对低学历居民参与股市的正面影响更为明显。此外,高收入、高学历、高年龄的居民股市参与也更积极。我们的研究为资本市场的发展架设了一个新的社会结构和社会特征的政策视角:加强社会互动、提高诚信水平,这些都是推动公众参与股市所不可忽略和或缺的。     

Absent neighbours and passive shareholders – The issue of residency and involvement in the management of a forest common

The Swedish forest commons can be regarded as self-organized community groups which jointly manage a forest resource. However, previous studies point out the diminishing role and engagement of shareholders in terms of governance, thereby challenging some vital design principles of robust common-pool resource institutions. We assume that major reasons for this is associated with socio-demographic changes meaning a large proportion of shareholders do not live in the area. Therefore this study compares resident and non-resident shareholder participation in and perceptions about their common, as well as assesses their engagement in the management of one major forest common in Northern Sweden. To this end a questionnaire survey was conducted together with regular consultations with the common's board and staff to discuss shareholder participation and other major issues concerning the common.The study shows that the common has a low shareholder engagement and a high proportion of non-resident shareholders. Even though a large proportion of resident shareholders acknowledged benefits from the common, they were also less satisfied with the cooperation among shareholders and less optimistic about the possibilities to influence management decisions. In contrast, the majority of non-resident shareholders saw ‘no disadvantages’ of the common. Although most of the shareholders regularly visit the common, hardly any participate in the general meetings. While residency outside the municipality certainly seems to have an impact on the engagement of non-resident shareholders, our study suggests that simple strategies from the board including accessible information and better timing and/or location of meetings might even increase the participation among all shareholders.     

交通项目的公众参与社会评价——以安徽中等城市交通项目为例

论文以安徽省中等城市交通项目的公众参与社会评价为例,对该项目的经验进行归纳。首先,识别了项目的利益相关者,主要包括业主及项目设计和施工单位、交通相关的政府机构、公共交通运输部门和项目城市居民,其中,项目城市居民是最主要的受益者;其次,根据不同利益相关者的特点,分别采用了深度访谈、座谈会、问卷调查和绘制交通图等方法,以问题为导向,了解各市交通路网建设、基础设施、交通管理和交通安全存在的问题;第三,深入剖析发现问题的原因,积极与项目办、业主、设计单位展开协调和沟通,赋予各利益相关者参与项目设计的权利,特别是弱势群体需求的表达,来完善项目的设计和后续管理,提出了可融入项目设计的规避风险措施,即社会行动计划。     

从低碳城市走向俭约城市——一次中西城市理念融合的尝试

面对时下流行的洋理论,我们无法失掉自己独立的思维,这里面有民族情结也有对现实的思考。首先从规划民众化和规划理论中国化的高度呼吁适合国情的规划理念。然后,从现实出发对低碳城市理念的优缺点和适应性进行分析,从而为俭约城市的提出做出铺垫。接着,分别从内涵和运行基础两个方面印证了俭约城市在中与西、上与下、传统与现代三个方面具有共通的特征。最后再从城市系统三阶段的角度,通过个人理性和技术模式两个层次对俭约城市的作用路径进行详细阐述。     

Why is it difficult to enlarge a protected area? Ecosystem services perspective on the conflict around the extension of the Białowieża National Park in Poland

This study explains the difficulties with the enlargement of the Białowieża National Park in Poland through an ecosystem services perspective. We carried out a questionnaire survey among the local communities to investigate local use of ecosystem services and respondents’ attitude towards the national park enlargement. The results indicate that local people are not as dependent on forest resources as often claimed. Firewood proved a crucial resource as the vast majority of the respondents depended on it for heating their houses. We also found that the local population has a rather low awareness of the national park territory and rules involved. The results suggest that previous enlargement attempts might have failed because decision makers did not adequately consider resources the local people depend on. Lack of clear information and transparent decision-making also amplified the conflict. Future enlargement initiatives should provide clear rules concerning the local use of ecosystem services and the access to firewood in particular. Furthermore, new policies should be developed in cooperation with local people and accompanied by an appropriate information campaign. It is argued that the ecosystem services perspective provides important data which can inform more effective conservation policy-making.     

Linking the ecosystem services approach to social preferences and needs in integrated coastal land use management – A planning approach

Coastal zones with their natural and societal sub-systems are exposed to rapid changes and pressures on resources. Scarcity of space and impacts of climate change are prominent drivers of land use and adaptation management today. Necessary modifications to present land use management strategies and schemes influence both the structures of coastal communities and the ecosystems involved. Approaches to identify the impacts and account for (i) the linkages between social preferences and needs and (ii) ecosystem services in coastal zones have been largely absent. The presented method focuses on improving the inclusion of ecosystem services in planning processes and clarifies the linkages with social impacts. In this study, fourteen stakeholders in decision-making on land use planning in the region of Krummhörn (northwestern Germany, southern North Sea coastal region) conducted a regional participative and informal process for local planning capable to adapt to climate driven changes. It is argued that scientific and practical implications of this integrated assessment focus on multi-functional options and contribute to more sustainable practices in future land use planning. The method operationalizes the ecosystem service approach and social impact analysis and demonstrates that social demands and provision of ecosystem services are inherently connected.     

Representing the common goods – Stakeholders vs. citizens

Whereas participatory processes have been advised as decision support to environmental management worldwide, the way different ways of organizing them influence outcomes of such processes have not been sufficiently addressed. In this study we reflect on two specific types of framings for participatory processes by examining one case dominated by stakeholders and another facilitating deliberation among citizens. Both processes concern coastal zone management in Norway. Whilst the main aim of the paper is to address how the framing of a participatory process influences its form and content, we also emphasize the distinct differences in outcomes from the two processes. Our analyses show that people are clearly acknowledging that there is a difference between acting as a citizen and as a stakeholder, and finding it unproblematic to identify themselves with such roles. Based on the findings, we reflect on their significance because fostering such logic throughout participatory processes may enhance our capacity to think both more long term and more principally about which values to protect.     

GENDER AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL CHOICE: THE ROLE OF SITUATED AGENCY

Amartya Sen defends a rich conception of social choice theory against tendencies to limit social choice theory to the formal investigation of rules of collective decision-making. His understanding of social choice theory makes the field a natural candidate for exploring gender issues in the evaluation of democratic policy. Not surprisingly, Sen has applied the insights he developed from his study of social choice to the evaluation of gender inequality, in particular to women's well-being in the context of the family. I focus on Sen's distinction between well-being and agency, and argue that from the perspective of women's movements and related social movements, the role of agency has so far been unduly neglected in social choice theory.     

Who do you think you are? Individual stakeholder identification and mobility at the Internet Governance Forum

In order for the Internet Governance ecosystem to work effectively, it requires a variety of expertise and advice from different sectors and backgrounds. Drawing on the public Internet Governance Forum (IGF) participation lists from 2006 to 2019, this paper analyses how individual participants chose to identify themselves in the given frameworks applied across the IGFs, and how they ‘travel’ through the Internet Governance ecosystem over successive fora. Identifying 18,968 unique IGF participants from 2006 to 2019, representing 7326 unique organisations, this paper thus provides an unprecedented level of detail as to who is present in multistakeholder discussions. It sets the scene for a more reflective discussion on the inclusivity and effectiveness of the multistakeholder model pursued at the IGF and engages with literature in the field of stakeholder mobility and stakeholder interests, opening up potential for further research on the legitimacy of multistakeholderism.     

参与式预算的路径选择——基于巴西与中国的实践

参与式预算在一定程度上打破了原有体制下相对封闭的预算运行模式,唤醒了百姓的民主意识和参与意识,为民意的充分表达提供了平台,同时提高了资金的使用效率。本文在考察中国和巴西参与式预算实践的基础上,通过对参与式预算理论的研究,深入剖析两国参与式预算的差异与成因,总结并得出对我国的综合启示,力求寻找到一条适合我国国情、符合区域实情的参与式预算实施之路,以此来改革和创新预算编制和预算管理,更好地推进地方政府建设。