经济学的理性假设辨析

理性历来是经济学研究秉持的最基本的行为假设,然而自从其概念诞生以来,经济学家们对它的理解与解释却众说纷纭。理性的框架应界定为:利己性、最优化与偏好一致性。对理性假设应该采取秉持实证主义思想,维持理性假设的态度与措施;当理论与现实矛盾时,谨慎地适当地扩展理论模型或环境假设,扩展的底限是维持理性的内在一致性,上限则取决于理论的一般性与现实性的权衡。     

Maxmin expected utility with additivity on unambiguous events

This paper provides a model of beliefs representation in which ambiguity and unambiguity are endogenously distinguished in the maxmin expected utility model of Gilboa and Schmeidler (1989). Specifically, I first extend it by getting a representation of beliefs such that the probabilistic beliefs over each ambiguous event are represented by a nondegenerate interval, while the ones over each unambiguous event are represented by a number. I then suggest a behavioral definition of ambiguity. It provides a choice theoretical foundation for the Knightian distinction between ambiguity and unambiguity.     

公共事业组织伦理制度化与路径分析

公共事业组织的伦理建设，不能仅仅依靠道德自律或道德教化来影响公共事业组织成员的行为选择。日益严重的公共事业组织伦理失范现象表明，传统道德自律或道德教化对公共事业组织成员缺乏控制力。公共事业组织伦理的提升与重建必须通过制度化建设来实现。制度化是公共事业组织伦理建设的重要价值取向。公共事业组织伦理的制度化，应着重从树立正确理念、合理划分层次、构建立法体系、强化监督机制这四层路径来推进。     

基于顾客效用的物流服务水平决策

从顾客的角度出发，以物流服务效用为基础，通过建立企业利润与物流服务水平、物流服务价格的关系模型，分析了物流服务水平与顾客效用的关系，进一步帮助物流企业确定合理的物流服务水平及其相应的价格，最终更好地满足顾客的需求和获得更大的利润。     

The impossibility of compromise: some uniqueness properties of expected utility preferences

Summary. We focus on the following uniqueness property of expected utility preferences: Agreement of two preferences on one interior indifference class implies their equality. We show that, besides expected utility preferences under (objective) risk, this uniqueness property holds for subjective expected utility preferences in Anscombe-Aumann's (partially subjective) and Savage's (fully subjective) settings, while it does not hold for subjective expected utility preferences in settings without rich state spaces. Indeed, when it holds the uniqueness property is even stronger than described above, as it needs only agreement on binary acts. The extension of the uniqueness property to the subjective case is possible because beliefs in the mentioned settings are shown to satisfy an analogous property: If two decision makers agree on a likelihood indifference class, they must have identical beliefs. Received: November 15, 1999; revised version: December 29, 1999     

幸福指数测量方法研究

本文从幸福的根本内涵谈起,叙述了不同学科对幸福的度量方法并对它们进行了比较、辨析,然后详细介绍了经济学对幸福的测量过程,力求把幸福指数测量的思想脉络梳理清晰,希望能对幸福指数的研究有所帮助。     

STABILITY OF THE UTILITY MAXIMIZATION PROBLEM WITH RANDOM ENDOWMENT IN INCOMPLETE MARKETS

We perform a stability analysis for the utility maximization problem in a general semimartingale model where both liquid and illiquid assets (random endowments) are present. Small misspecifications of preferences (as modeled via expected utility), as well as views of the world or the market model (as modeled via subjective probabilities) are considered. Simple sufficient conditions are given for the problem to be well posed, in the sense that the optimal wealth and the marginal utility‐based prices are continuous functionals of preferences and probabilistic views.     

我国农业保险供求主体有效合作模式的思考

近年来,我国农业保险快速发展,但仍存在着承保额不足、基础服务不完善、经营区域划分不合理等问题。本文基于农业保险合作模式的效用分析,认为政府主导下商业保险公司经营模式是比较符合我国国情,能够充分调动政府、企业、农民三方积极性的有效的农业保险组织发展模式。为了保证这一合作模式的落实,本文从完善农业保险的激励机制、保障机制和监督机制等方面提出了对策建议。     

单臂滑动式烧杯夹具的创新与实用价值

单臂滑动调节式烧杯夹是一种刚面世的实用新型专利产品，它能将旧式烧杯夹无法夹紧的烧杯（直径达8-15cm）牢固地夹住，可避免在化学实验中因搅拌器影响使烧杯被振动滑脱而导致实验中断或实验安全事故发生。     

Cost effectiveness of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Abstract

Background:

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib mesylate have revolutionized the treatment of primary unresectable and/or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), providing durable disease control and extended survival. Although most patients eventually progress on therapy, dose escalation has been shown to benefit some patients. Sunitinib, a multitargeted kinase inhibitor is effective against imatinib-resistant or intolerant GIST patients. Although the cost of TKI therapy in GIST is high, no other effective systemic treatment options exist.

Objective:

Review pharmacoeconomic studies to determine the cost effectiveness (CE) of 1st- and 2nd-line TKI therapies in GIST.

Methods:

A literature review using Medline and PubMed databases was conducted to identify published economic analyses of TKI therapy in GIST. Key results from these studies were analyzed.

Results:

Six pharmacoeconomic studies were identified, including three analyses of 1st-line imatinib and three analyses of 2nd-line sunitinib. These studies employed various time horizons and discount rates and modeled CE from a number of different perspectives. Most of the pharmacoeconomic studies reviewed used survival as their efficacy endpoint, projecting outcomes beyond available data to model CE. Analyses of 2nd-line sunitinib using survival additionally faced the challenge of adjusting for the effect of placebo crossover to active treatment in the pivotal phase III study. Most studies used Markov techniques with a range of transition probabilities.

Conclusions:

Published pharmacoeconomic studies of 1st- and 2nd-line TKI therapy for advanced GIST employ various time horizons, discount rates, and different CE models. Consequently, these differences make comparisons between studies difficult. Studies of 1st-line imatinib concluded that imatinib was cost effective in advanced, metastatic GIST. Likewise, based on data reviewed here, 2nd-line sunitinib appears to be cost effective in patients with advanced GIST who are intolerant/resistant to imatinib. Key limitations of this review included inconsistency among the studies evaluated with regard to methodologies, countries of origination (currency and healthcare systems), and patient demographics.