多元农产品购买渠道下城市居民的选择和感知效用因素分析

文章基于1251位城市居民在早市摊贩、农贸市场、超市和社区便利店这四种生鲜农产品购买渠道的选择行为基础上,以主观感知效用为理论框架,使用Multinomial Logistic模型,分析了影响选择的产品效用、购买效用和其它效用,结果发现：四种渠道的选择相互独立;在产品效用中,安全卫生和新鲜程度对超市和社区便利店的选择具有显著的影响,而新鲜程度显著影响了居民选择农贸市场和早市摊贩,价格因素与四种渠道都是显著相关的;在购买效用中,购买环境和农贸市场具有正相关关系,距离便利与农贸市场和社区便利店显著正相关,距离便利店和早市摊贩显著负相关;居民个人的性别、年龄、学历、家庭人口数和所在行业等因素也影响了渠道选择     

基于效用最大化的投资组合旋转算法研究

文章综合考虑投资组合的期望收益率和风险(方差),提出了基于效用最大化的投资组合模型,并用线性不等式组的旋转算法进行求解.计算结果表明,在允许卖空的情况下,风险偏好系数能够在整个变化范围内较好地反映投资者的期望收益率,而在不允许卖空情况下,风险偏好系数只能在某个区间起作用.因此,投资者应结合自己的风险偏好和投资组合的期望收益率作出决策.文章运用自编程序能够很快地计算出各种不同的风险偏好系数所对应的有效投资组合,以帮助投资者得到最优投资策略.所运用的线性不等式组的一种旋转算法避免了通常处理二次规划问题所需的松弛变量、剩余变量和人工变量,操作简便、计算效率高.     

Rational Inattention and Choice Under Risk: Explaining Violations of Expected Utility Through a Shannon Entropy Formulation of the Costs of Rationality

We propose a model of stochastic choice in which the error term is derived from a maximizing framework in which it is costly for agents to make decisions optimally. We argue that the model has testable implications, and is closely related to other models used in the literature on choice under risk. We test this model over experimental data, replicate some conclusions of the existing literature, and show our model to perform well against models in the field in current use.

从失衡状态探析推进我国农村公共服务均等化的途径

我国农村公共服务供给存在城乡不均等、东西不均等、群体不均等多个层次的失衡问题。从失衡的角度出发进行比较分析,我们应以十七大精神为指导,采取措施从多方面进行制度完善。     

产学研合作主体参与新产品开发的研发投入行为——基于竞赛模型

基于竞赛模型,针对具有一定市场风险的产学研合作主体共同参与新产品开发时各参与主体的研发投入问题建立博弈模型。通过数值模拟,深入分析了科研院所参与数量、分配收益方式以及新产品效用函数形式等对参与主体研发投入的影响。研究发现:除了产学研合作团队以跨功能形式组成且科研院所按研发投入费用比例分配收益以外,产学研合作团队的总研发投入量和科研院所的总研发投入量都随着科研院所数量的增加而减少;按研发投入比例分配收益有助于促进参与主体增加研发投入;跨功能形式下参与主体的研发投入高于混合功能形式下的研究投入。     

技术进步应对非科学性TBT的效用分析

非科学性TBT是指有别于或不存在相应国际标准、指南或建议,且缺乏充分科学证据的技术法规、标准及合格评定程序。在非科学性TBT中,一部分是出口国企业在近期内能够通过技术进步跨越的,但将耗费一定数量的（通常是大量的）额外的经济资源,从而增加相关产品的成本,削弱其价格竞争力;另一部分是出口国企业在未来几年、十几年不可能甚至根本不可能通过技术进步跨越的,结果严重限制了相关产品的出口。如果将技术进步用作非科学性TBT的主要对策,会对出口贸易产生明显的消极影响。因此,在非科学性TBT的应对方案中．技术进步应当被定位为对策组合中的一种辅助对策。     

Expected utility theory and prospect theory: one wedding and a decent funeral

Choice behavior is typically evaluated by assuming that the data is generated by one latent decision-making process or another. What if there are two (or more) latent decision-making processes generating the observed choices? Some choices might then be better characterized as being generated by one process, and other choices by the other process. A finite mixture model can be used to estimate the parameters of each decision process while simultaneously estimating the probability that each process applies to the sample. We consider the canonical case of lottery choices in a laboratory experiment and assume that the data is generated by expected utility theory and prospect theory decision rules. We jointly estimate the parameters of each theory as well as the fraction of choices characterized by each. The methodology provides the wedding invitation, and the data consummates the ceremony followed by a decent funeral for the representative agent model that assumes only one type of decision process. The evidence suggests support for each theory, and goes further to identify under what demographic domains one can expect to see one theory perform better than the other. We therefore propose a reconciliation of the debate over two of the dominant theories of choice under risk, at least for the tasks and samples we consider. The methodology is broadly applicable to a range of debates over competing theories generated by experimental and non-experimental data.     

Dynamic stability and reform of political institutions

This paper examines endogenous institutional change in a class of dynamic political games. The political aggregation rules used at date t+1 are instrumental choices under rules at date t. Effectively, rules are “players” who can strategically delegate future policy-making authority to different rules. A political rule is stable if it selects itself. A reform occurs when an alternative rule is selected. The stability of a political rule is shown to depend on whether its choices are dynamically consistent. For instance, simple majority rules can be shown to be dynamically consistent in many common environments where wealth-weighted voting rules are not. The result extends to political rules that incorporate private activities such as extra-legal protests, threats, or private investment. The approach is one way of understanding various explanations of institutional change proposed in the literature. A parametric model of public goods provision gives an illustration.     

Should Reference Alternatives in Pivot Design SC Surveys be Treated Differently?

Analysts are increasingly making use of pivot style Stated Choice (SC) data in the estimation of choice models. These datasets often contain a reference alternative whose attributes remain invariant across replications for the same respondent. This paper presents evidence to suggest that respondents react differently to the attributes of these reference alternatives and those of purely hypothetical alternatives. While some such evidence has been reported in the existing literature, this paper goes further and details a number of different departures from a common treatment of the two types of alternatives, relating both to the observed part of utility and the error term.     

语言经济学视角下商务翻译研究的意义探索

作为经济学的一个新兴研究领域,近50年来从无到有、从引进到自研,并在近年内迅速发展的语言经济学最近又开拓了新的研究领域,即商务英语研究领域。商务翻译属于应用语言学的范畴,同时又具有相当的经济特性,文章提出用语言经济学的观点研究商务翻译,试图以此探知商务翻译的价值、效用及效益,分析其在我国经济发展中的积极促进作用。