The economic agent as rule maker and rule user: <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Homo Sapiens Oeconomicus</Emphasis>

The paper discusses the micro foundations of evolutionary economics, introducing a unified concept of the economic agent as a rule maker and rule user. Based on recent findings of the neuronal, cognitive and behavioral sciences, Homo Sapiens Oeconomicus emerges as an alternative to Homo Oeconomicus. A taxonomy of rules distinguishing between cognitive, behavioral and blueprint rules and a set of theoretical propositions related to the structure and evolution of those rules are suggested.JEL Classification: A 12, B 41, B 52, B 53, D 00, D 64, D 80, D 83, E 11, L20The present paper had its origin in a research project on The Interdisciplinary Foundations of Economic Decision Making supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation during 1978-1980. The core of that work was a brain model whose architecture also serves as a corner stone for this paper. Since then there have been substantial developments in the respective areas; some of the major findings of the more recent research in the neuronal, cognitive and related sciences are discussed and integrated into the present paper. - I gratefully acknowledge insightful comments and criticisms from Georg D. Blind. Some ideas were discussed during my tenure as a Visiting Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Queensland, in fall 2003, and I wish to record my appreciation of the hospitality during that visit. Particular thanks for the inspiring discussions go to Peter Earl, John Foster, and, as always, Jason Potts. Special thanks are due to Juli Lessmann and Charles R. McCann for their thoughtful corrections of my English prose and their editorial help. The usual disclaimer applies.     

模块化结构下的市场结构、行为及绩效

模块化作为新产业结构的本质特征,其结构由三部分构成:设计规则、隐形模块生产和系统集成与检测。模块化改变了传统的产业组织形态,在模块化结构下,市场结构是分散型的大系统,市场行为表现为三种新竞争形态,最终市场绩效是增进的。     

关于计算机实验室的管理

计算机实验室的工作是非常重要的，建立完善的规章制度，规范实验室的管理，注重实验教学，保证学生实验课程的顺利完成。     

让企业规章制度和工会组织为企业保驾护航

经济补偿是《劳动合同法》新增加的内容，明确企业通过完善企业规章制度和建立工会组织，能更好地为企业保驾护航。     

略论流通领域全面开放与政府贸易规制创新的路径激励

在流通全面开放的今天，市场流通秩序的校正单靠市场机制这只看不见的手，是远远不够的。市场机制不是万能的，必须依靠政府对贸易进行有效的规制，通过政府对公共利益调控的力量来规制市场机制的不足：同时建立符合国际惯例的商品分销行业管理规制模式，学会按国际惯例办事，提倡诚实守信，健全国内贸易保护与市场准入的政策与法规规制，才有可能从源头上治理市场秩序失灵。     

The Defects of WTO Anti-Dumping Rules and Related Reform

Since Canada made the first anti-dumping code in 1904,United States,Australia and France made their domestic anti-dumping codes successively.In 1947, the contracting parties made anti-dumping rules part of GATT （Article VI）.Due to the broad use of tariff and non- tariff trade barriers,few countries turned to anti-dumping measures in 1950s.Recently,because of the reduction of tariff and the restrictions on non-tariff barriers,the number of anti- dumping cases increases very quickly.For example,the total anti-dumping initiations in 1980 are 69,while the number of anti-dumping initiations in 2001 is 366.     

区域汽车贸易规则比较研究

区域汽车贸易规则是区域贸易协议的重要组成部分,其核心内容是确定区域内优惠关税。为了防止CKD生产方式,多数区域汽车贸易规则制定了汽车原产地规则。研究表明,区域汽车贸易规则对区域贸易特别是汽车零部件区域贸易产生了重大影响。     

Free trade areas,the limit of Rules of Origin,and optimal tariff reductions under international oligopoly: A welfare analysis

In this article we analyze the economic effects associated with preferential Rules of Origin (RoO) in a free trade area (FTA). By presenting a stylized three-country model of trade under oligopoly, we show that there exists a maximum limit of RoO below which forming an FTA is welfare-improving. In examining external tariff reductions under FTA, we take into account the constrained conditions that optimal tariffs set by member countries effectively induce the intrabloc exporters to comply with RoO. This approach rules out trade regime switches and helps identify the economic determinants of establishing an effective and welfare-improving FTA with RoO. We further examine whether an FTA with RoO increases total trade or whether the extra trade arises at the expense of nonmembers. Our simple model has implications for economic factors that foster or impede regional economic integration under imperfect completion.     

优惠原产地规则的抑制机制研究

对于作为自贸区协定的主要内容之一的优惠原产地规则,现有研究主要探讨的是它如何提升成员国福利并刺激区域经济发展,即“促进机制”。然而,优惠原产地规则也会因其核算复杂、增加交易成本与时间成本等原因而被用作隐蔽的非关税壁垒,即“抑制机制”。从理论及实践两个层次出发,分析优惠原产地规则的抑制机制的内部机理,并给出相关的政策建议,具有极强的理论与实践意义。     

Optimal Discretion

We investigate the desirability of adopting a rule in favor of discretionary monetary policy in a model exhibiting Kydland and Prescott's dynamic inconsistency problem but no fundamental incompatibility between the policymaker's price stability and full employment objectives. We show that if discretion provides a policy flexibility benefit, then a rule is optimal only when inflation exceeds an endogenously determined threshold. This gives rise to a discretionary policy zone for inflation with the central bank taking more drastic action towards stabilizing inflation when inflation veers outside the zone. Imperfect credibility narrows the scope for discretion and enhances the benefits of adopting a rule.
JEL classification : E 58; D 82; C 72