Buying process in the U.S. Department of Defense

The purpose of this article is (1) to compare the key differences between the buying behavior of the defense organization with commercial buying behavior, (2) to address key policy and strategy concerns of the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) within the 1980s that also have strategic importance to the marketing operations of civilian contractors, (3) to address areas of proposed and completed policy change, strategy implementation, and emerging trends within the DOD buying process, and (4) to briefly identify significant research efforts and opportunities being sponsored by government agencies with important overtones and implications for marketing/purchasing practitioners and academics.     

Product vs. customer focused industrial selling

Successfully introducing sophisticated new product innovation in industrial marketing requires a high degree of customer empathy on the part of the salesforce. This article describes a group-oriented exercise designed to improve the performance of the salesforce by their analyzing a specific new product's relative advantages, compatability, divisibility, complexity, and risk as perceived by its customers. A follow-up survey of the salesforce indicated that, as a result of this exercise, greater effectiveness and efficiency in achieving marketing objectives were realized.     

嘉兴早期教会学校的教育理念及其影响——以秀州中学为例

以秀州中学为例，对20世纪初美国南长老会在嘉兴创办教会学校初期所做的大量工作、办学模式及教育理念做了综合调查与分析。嘉兴早期教会学校师资力量比较强，关爱教育对象，通过多样化课程和丰富的教育实践促进学生的兴趣和个性发展，重视学生的实践能力和综合素质培养，建立了“学校市”的民主自治管理和实践模式以培养学生的自治管理能力和社会实践能力。这对当代教育具有积极的借鉴和启示作用。     

School competition and the quality of education: introducing market incentives into public services

Existing research indicates that introducing school choice and competition into the public education system might improve the quality of schooling. Yet, up to date most empirical work on school choice has concentrated on developed countries and it is far from obvious that the experience of these countries can be of any guidance for transition economies. Our work intends to fill this gap. We concentrate on the case of Poland. We argue that in Poland, school choice and competition tends to improve average education quality and efficiency of public education expenditure.     

Kaldor and Robinson on money and growth

Post-Keynesian theory was developed as an alternative to mainstream neoclassical economics. However, post-Keynesians have not succeeded in getting their message through, partly because of the difficult and controversial economic issues upon which they embarked, partly because they emphasized, both in their monetary and growth analysis, theories that do not radically depart from the mainstream of economics. This paper therefore argues that post-Keynesian economics got off on the wrong foot. Rather than having emphasized the works of Minsky and (the early) Kaldor in money, post-Keynesians should have considered the contributions of Robinson and Kahn. Also, rather than having emphasized the work of Robinson and Harrod on growth, they ought to have given greater emphasis to Kaldor's demand-oriented growth theory. Hence, as a simplification, post-Keynesians should have considered Robinson on money, not Kaldor; and Kaldor on growth, not Robinson.     

Whatever happened to Marshall's industrial economics?

Industry and Trade and the works on industrial economics by the Cambridge school – Chapman, Macgregor, Robertson, Lavington, A. Robinson and Florence – are usually neglected as if they were devoid of theoretical relevance. By contrast, the author argues that Marshall's evolutionary model, centred on the continuous interplay between innovation and standardization, inspired original research on localization, business size, coordination costs and industrial combinations. The paper also suggests that Marshallian ideas on the growth of firms and the structure of industrial organization are coming back in contemporary evolutionary theories of the firm.     

高职高专英语教学中的学生学业成绩评价研究

学生学业成绩评价是培养人才的标准依据,目前,高职高专英语教学中学生学业成绩评价机制存在极大的弊端。改革学生学业成绩评价体系是我国高校教学改革的一个重要环节。研究学业成绩评价机制对高职高专英语教学有一定的启示和借鉴意义,有利于从本质上建立起科学系统的教学质量保障体系。     

Social irresponsibility in management

Previously published research suggested that the typical manager may be expected to harm others in his role as a manager. Further support for this was drawn from the Panalba role-playing case. None of the 57 control groups in this case were willing to remove a dangerous drug from the market. In fact, 79% of these groups took active steps to prevent its removal. This decision was classified as irresponsible by 97% of the respondents to a questionnaire. Because the role exerts such powerful effects, an attempt was made to modify subjects' perceptions of their role so that managers would feel responsible to all of the firm's interest groups. Some subjects were told that board members should represent all interest groups; other subjects were placed on boards of directors where the different groups were represented. Subjects in both groups also received information on the impact of the decisions upon stockholders, employees, and customers. The percentage of irresponsible decisions was reduced under these conditions as only 22% of the 116 groups selected the highly irresponsible decision.