Awareness as a foundation for developing effective spatial data infrastructures

The development of an effective spatial data infrastructure (SDI) often occurs in a fragmented organizational environment requiring a high level of inter-organizational collaboration. Different organizations from various jurisdictions need to work together closely when agreeing on how they will jointly register, store, use and share data and how they will make their data available to the wider society. However, this collaboration is generally regarded as very difficult. For example people often resist data sharing across organizational boundaries due to loss of control, power and independency. Organizational issues are thus considered one of the fundamental constraints to inter-organizational sharing of spatial data.     

京津冀区域经济协调发展的时空差异分析

本文选取了京津冀1985—2007年的时间序列数据,和目前三地172个区县的人均GDP数据,对京津冀区域内部经济发展的时空差异进行分析。研究认为,在经济发展时间差异方面,以1992年为节点呈现前后分异,在此之前,三地水平大致相当,在此之后,三地经济逐渐拉开差距;经济总量的位次由高至低依次为河北、北京、天津。在经济发展空间差异方面,区域内部经济增长空间分布不均衡,主要表现为北京、天津高于河北省;东部地区、西南地区高于北部、西北和东南地区。在此基础上探讨了京津冀区域经济协调发展时空差异的影响因素,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

The Role of Built,Human, Social,and Natural Capital in Determining Land Values,and the Influence of Demographics upon this Relationship

Abstract

We use various statistical methods to compare the extent to which different households are willing to invest in and pay for access to four types of capital—built, human, natural, and social. We further assess to what extent such preferences can be predicted by a measure of neighbourhood demographics. We develop indicators for each of the four types of capital at the census block group level for Baltimore, MD, USA. We use analysis of variance to examine differences in these indicators between demographic groups and multiple linear regression to examine the influence on unimproved land values of the four types of capital.     

Editorial

Abstract

In this paper we summarize and comment on the papers published in issue 6.3. The papers reviewed are: ‘In Search of “W”’ by Richard Harris, John Moffat &; Victoria Kravtsova; ‘Cross-national Neighbouring Effects on European Regional Specialization’ by Toni Mora, Patricia Garcia-Duran &; Montserrat Millet; ‘Intra-national Purchasing Power Parity and Balassa–Samuelson Effects in Italy’ by Andrea Vaona; ‘Enterprise and Competitive Advantage in the Australian Context: A Spatial Econometric Perspective’ by Paul Plummer &; Michael Taylor; and ‘Development of a Large-scale Single US Region CGE Model using IMPLAN Data: A Los Angeles County Example with a Productivity Shock Application’ by James Andrew Giesecke.

Analyses économiques spatiales: éditorial

Résumé dans la présente communication, nous résumons les communications publiées dans le numéro 6.3, et nous présentons nos commentaires. Les communications en question sont les suivantes : « A la recherche de W » (In Search of W) par Richard Harris, John Moffat et Victoria Kravtsova ; « Effets du voisinage transfrontière sur la spécialisation régionale européenne » (Cross-national neighbouring effects on European regional specialisation) par Toni Mora, Patricia Garcia-Duran et Montserrat Millet ; « Parité du pouvoir d'achat intranational et effets de Balassa-Samuelson en Italie (Intra-national Purchasing Power Parity and Balassa-Samuelson Effects in Italy), par Andrea Vaona ; « Entreprise et Avantage sur la Concurrence dans le contexte de l'Australie : une Perspective économétrique spatiale » (Enterprise and Competitive Advantage in the Australian Context: A Spatial Econometric Perspective) par Paul Plummer et Michael Taylor ; et « Développement d'un modèle CGE à grande échelle pour une région individuelle des États-Unis à l'aide de données IMPLAN : un exemple du comté de Los Angeles avec une application choc de la Productivité » (Development of a large-scale single U.S. region CGE model using IMPLAN data: A Los Angeles County example with a productivity shock application), par James Andrew Giesecke.

Análisis económico espacial: editorial

Extracto En este estudio resumimos y hacemos comentarios sobre estudios publicados en la edición 6.3. Los estudios revisados son: ‘In Search of ‘W’’ (En busca de ‘W’) de Richard Harris, John Moffat y Victoria Kravtsova; ‘Cross-national neighbouring effects on European regional specialisation’ (Efectos de la contigüidad transnacional sobre la especialización regional europea) de Toni Mora, Patricia García-Duran y Montserrat Millet; ‘Intra-national Purchasing Power Parity and Balassa-Samuelson Effects in Italy’ (Paridad del poder adquisitivo intranacional y los efectos Balassa-Samuelson en Italia) de Andrea Vaona; ‘Enterprise and Competitive Advantage in the Australian Context: A Spatial Econometric Perspective’ (Empresa y ventaja competitiva en el contexto australiano: una perspectiva econométrica espacial) de Paul Plummer y Michael Taylor; y, ‘Development of a large-scale single U.S. region CGE model using IMPLAN data: A Los Angeles County example with a productivity shock application’ (Desarrollo de un modelo CGE a gran escala de una región estadounidense única utilizando datos IMPLAN: un ejemplo de Los Angeles County con una aplicación de choque de productividad) de James Andrew Giesecke.

     

Applied Spatial Econometrics: Raising the Bar

Abstract

This paper places the key issues and implications of the new ‘introductory’ book on spatial econometrics by James LeSage & Kelley Pace (2009) in a broader perspective: the argument in favour of the spatial Durbin model, the use of indirect effects as a more valid basis for testing whether spatial spillovers are significant, the use of Bayesian posterior model probabilities to determine which spatial weights matrix best describes the data, and the book's contribution to the literature on spatio-temporal models. The main conclusion is that the state of the art of applied spatial econometrics has taken a step change with the publication of this book.

Relever le niveau de l'économetrie spatial appliquée

RÉSUMÉ La présente communication place les principales questions et implications du nouvel ouvrage d'introduction sur l'économétries spatiale de James LeSage & Kelley Pace (2009) dans un contexte plus général: l'argument favorisant le modèle spatial de Durbin, l'emploi d'effets indirects comme base plus valable pour évaluer l'aspect significatif des déversements spatiaux, l'emploi des probabilités d'un modèle baysien postérieur pour évaluer laquelle des matrices de poids spatiaux décrit le mieux les donnes, et la contribution de l'ouvrage la documentation sur les modèles spatio-temporels. La principale conclusion est qu'avec la publication de cet ouvrage, l'état de l'art de l'économétries spatiale applique a effectué un grand pas en avant.

Alzar el nivel de la econometría espacial aplicada

RÉSUMÉ Este trabajo plantea las cuestiones e implicaciones clave del nuevo libro introductorio sobre económetra espacial de James LeSage & Kelley Pace (2009) dentro de una perspectiva más amplia: el argumento a favor del modelo espacial Durbin, el uso de efectos indirectos como una base más válida para poner a prueba si los desbordamientos espaciales son significativos, el uso de probabilidades posteriores bayesianas para descubrir que matriz de pesos espaciales describe mejor los datos, y la contribución del libro a la bibliógrafa sobre modelos espaciotemporales. La principal conclusión es que la econometría espacial aplicada más avanzada ha experimentado un cambio radical con la publicación de este libro.

     

The Role of Human Capital,Market Potential and Natural Amenities in Understanding Spatial Wage Disparities in Chile

Abstract

This paper presents an empirical framework for analysing spatial wage inequality in Chile. Chile is primarily characterized by two stylized facts: the high spatial concentration around the metropolitan area and the key role of natural resources in the country. The paper considers both elements in a competition between NEG (new economic geography) and a theory based on natural resource endowment, with both theories incorporating human capital via a multilevel analysis. The results show the poor performance of NEG for Chile and indicate that natural resources are the principal cause of spatial wage variability in Chile.

RÉSUMÉ La présente communication illustre un cadre d'analyse empirique de l'inégalité spatiale entre les salaires, au Chili. Le Chili est caractérisé principalement par les deux faits stylisés suivants : une concentration spatiale élevée autour de la zone métropolitaine, et le rôle essentiel que jouent les ressources naturelles dans ce pays. Cette communication se penche sur ces deux éléments dans le cadre d'une compétition entre deux théories : d'une part la nouvelle géographie économique (« NEG »), de l'autre une théorie fondée sur la dotation en ressources naturelles, ces deux théories incorporant le capital humain par le biais d'une analyse à multiples niveaux. Les résultats démontrent les mauvais résultats de NEG pour le Chili, et indiquent que les ressources naturelles sont la principale cause de la variabilité spatiale des salaires au Chili.

EXTRACTO Este estudio presenta un marco empírico para analizar la desigualdad espacial de los salarios en Chile. Chile se caracteriza principalmente por dos hechos estilizados: la alta concentración espacial alrededor del área metropolitana y la función clave de los recursos naturales del país. El estudio considera ambos elementos en una competición entre la NEG (Nueva Geografía Económica) y una teoría basada en el legado de recursos naturales, donde ambas teorías incorporan el capital humano a través de un análisis de múltiples niveles. Los resultados muestran un bajo rendimiento de la NEG en relación con Chile e indican que los recursos naturales son la causa principal de la variabilidad espacial de los salarios en Chile.

摘要: 本文提出了一种分析智利区域工资不均的经验框架。智利主要有两大特点: 大城市地区高度空间聚集和农村地区自然资源作用巨大。本文在对NEG (新经济地理学) 和基于自然资源储藏量的理论进行比较时, 考虑了这两个因素, 同时还通过多层次分析纳入了人力资源因素。结果显示智利NEG性能很差, 表明智利区域工资差异的主要原因是自然资源。     

The house price determination process: Rational expectations with a spatial context

Applying the rational expectations hypothesis, this essay models the current value of a house as the conditional expectation of the discounted stream of housing services accruing to the owner of the house. The value of housing services is determined by neighborhood effects as well as the physical attributes of the property itself. In the existing hedonic literature, future transactions have not been utilized to describe neighborhood effects. The rational expectations asset pricing model in this study accounts for expected future neighborhood effects as well as observed current neighborhood effects. The reduced form of the rational expectations model is a spatial autoregressive (SAR) model with two spatial lags. After employing the generalized method of moments (GMM) in estimating the spatial asset pricing model, I find that both expected future transactions and prior transactions in the neighborhood are significant. The inclusion of expected future transaction prices in the neighborhood takes into account the influence of expected changes in the community and factors these potential changes into the current house price. This is consistent with forward-looking households. The forward-looking model generates superior out-of-sample prediction performance relative to both the conventional hedonic model without considering neighborhood effects or the standard spatial hedonic model including only past transactions.     

新形势下城乡规划应对空间发展问题的策略探析

时代进步社会变迁,中国城乡面貌日新月异的同时逐渐面临严峻的空间发展问题.首先探讨了城乡规划面临的空间发展问题及产生原因,并归纳总结了国家应对战略所体现的四个基本思路:区域城乡空间协调发展、节约集约利用资源、保护耕地和保障生态安全格局;并对实现国家战略意图的三大主要空间规划进行对比分析,明确了城乡规划的功能定位;最后以此...     

The Capitalization of Public Services and Amenities into Land Prices — Empirical Evidence from German Communities

Applying the hedonic approach to land prices, this article investigates the capitalization of public services and pure amenities in a cross section of German communities. Possible spillover effects from neighboring municipalities are explicitly included in the analysis and prove to be of considerable importance. Estimates of the impacts of local attributes on land prices are obtained taking into account the spatial structure among unobserved variables. The results confirm that differences in land prices are largely attributable to local conditions and policies. This implies a significant degree of mobility as well as high estimation of local attributes on the part of German households.     

经济发展方式转型与经济软实力空间分布关联研究——以河南18个省辖市区域为例

经济软实力是决定经济发展方式转型的关键因子,经济软、硬实力的不同配置决定经济发展方式类型。经济软实力不仅内在具有推动经济发展方式转型的能力,而且还具有实现其转型的内在机理。通过河南省区域经济软实力空间分布及其与区域发展指数关联的实证分析,证明以提升经济软实力促进区域经济发展方式转变是经济发展的一种必然规律。