Accounting for the ecosystem services of migratory species: Quantifying migration support and spatial subsidies

Migratory species support ecosystem process and function in multiple areas, establishing ecological linkages between their different habitats. As they travel, migratory species also provide ecosystem services to people in many different locations. Previous research suggests there may be spatial mismatches between locations where humans use services and the ecosystems that produce them. This occurs with migratory species, between the areas that most support the species' population viability - and hence their long-term ability to provide services - and the locations where species provide the most ecosystem services. This paper presents a conceptual framework for estimating how much a particular location supports the provision of ecosystem services in other locations, and for estimating the extent to which local benefits are dependent upon other locations. We also describe a method for estimating the net payment, or subsidy, owed by or to a location that balances benefits received and support provided by locations throughout the migratory range of multiple species. The ability to quantify these spatial subsidies could provide a foundation for the establishment of markets that incentivize cross-jurisdictional cooperative management of migratory species. It could also provide a mechanism for resolving conflicts over the sustainable and equitable allocation of exploited migratory species.     

Tourism and regional income inequality: Evidence from China

This study examines the role of tourism development in reducing regional income inequality in China. First, the theoretical foundation for how tourism affects regional income inequality is discussed. Second, based on the conditional convergence framework, this study proposes a spatiotemporal autoregressive model to capture spatial and temporal dependence as well as spatial heterogeneity. Tourism development is introduced as a conditional convergence factor in an attempt to examine whether the convergence speed is accelerated by regional tourism development. Third, the effects of international and domestic tourism in narrowing regional inequality are compared both globally and locally. The empirical results indicate that tourism development contributes significantly to the reduction of regional inequality, with domestic tourism making a greater contribution than international tourism.     

东部省域城镇化质量差异评价与提升对策

构建省域尺度城镇化质量评价体系,综合测度东部十个省市城镇化质量,结论显示：上海、北京、浙江得分较高,海南、河北较低;且东部省市在社会发展、经济绩效、生态环境上的绝对差距较大,在生态环境、城乡统筹、社会发展指标上的相对差距较大,在空间集约和基础设施指标方面差距较小;各省域以东部整体城镇化率和质量均分为参照,在人口城镇化率和城镇化质量对比关系上呈现＂高高＂、＂低低＂、＂高低＂三种类型。针对各类型区域提出差异化对策来推进城镇化速度与质量的协调发展。     

经济差距、研发投入对城市经济增长影响研究——基于江苏省13市的数据分析

本文旨在考察研发投入区际流动能否通过空间知识溢出效应促进区域城市经济增长,以及当经济差距缩小时研发投入对经济增长空间溢出效应变化特征。以江苏省13个地级市为研究对象,运用多种空间计量分析方法,对上述假设进行实证检验。研究结果表明:研发投入区际流动的空间溢出效应对区域城市经济增长呈显著的正向效应;苏南、苏中、苏北研发投入空间溢出效应对区域经济增长影响程度高于总体平均水平。本文结论为促进区域间研发投入合理流动、统筹区域经济协同发展、促进省域经济高质量发展提供政策启示。     

城市科技创新人才政策扩散动力因素时空差异研究

科技创新人才是城市提升创新能力的核心资源,是科技进步的关键要素。科技创新人才政策作为城市争夺人才的工具,被各个城市广泛采纳和使用。以161个城市为研究对象,运用事件史分析方法,探寻城市科技创新人才政策扩散的动力因素并进行时空差异分析。研究发现,城市科技创新人才政策扩散具有双重动力因素：在需求拉动因素中,经济发展水平和财政收入是影响城市科技创新人才政策扩散的主要因素;在压力推动因素中,行政指令、府际竞争和社会舆论显著影响城市科技创新人才政策扩散;在政策扩散平稳增长期,双重动力因素共同作用于政策扩散过程,而在政策扩散加速和减速增长期,城市科技创新人才政策扩散动力因素存在差异;在东、中部地区,压力推动因素占据主导,而在西部地区,双重动力因素都发挥重要作用。     

A spatial approach to the FDI-growth nexus in Spain: Dealing with the headquarters effect

This paper examines the effects of inward FDI on economic growth across the Spanish regions over the period 1996–2013, paying particular attention to the ‘headquarters effect’, namely that FDI is not always registered where it is effectively made but in the region in which the firm’s headquarters is located. By estimating a panel Spatial Durbin Model to allow for the detection of spatial spillovers, two main findings are reported. First, FDI does foster economic growth. Second, only when the headquarters effect is properly addressed do spatial spillovers arise. Hence, this effect is masking the impact of regional FDI spillovers on growth, which affects the reliability of the results and, consequently, FDI policies choice. Importantly, the results are: a) robust to the way of computing the headquarters effect; b) independent of the spatial weight matrix specification; and c) confirmed when splitting FDI into different industrial and service branches.     

辽河三角洲湿地景观格局脆弱性变化

目前湿地开发利用日益加剧,本文结合全局自相关、局部自相关进行空间关联分析的研究方法进行分析。虽然辽河三角洲区域脆弱度逐渐减弱,仍有部分地区存在高脆弱度值。数据表明2015年低脆弱度区基本覆盖整个辽河三角洲区域。     

我国大城市主城-郊区居住空间分异比较研究——基于GIS的南京实证分析

在对实证城市居住空间分异现状分析的基础上探寻城市居住空间分异影响因素及这些因素的作用机理。鉴于城市居住空间分异在主城及郊区等层面表现出不同的特征,文章运用GIS的空间分析方法分别对南京市主城区及郊区居住空间分异的现状进行比较分析。主要结论有:主城和郊区住宅板块在区位价值、容积率、绿化率、建筑年代、建筑面积等指标上都有差异存在,显示出主城与郊区居住板块之间在发展方式、成长规律、表现形式上的差异。随着居住郊区化和新城居住空间结构的变化,南京市城市居住空间结构表现出新的特征。文章选取我国副省级城市南京为实证研究对象,对我国住房转型期大城市居住空间分异现状进行个案研究,其城市居住空间分异的规律及结论具有一定的示范意义。     

空间正义:形成、内涵及意义

社会科学的"空间转向"、新社会运动的发展以及多个学科不同路径的研究共同开启和推动了关于"空间正义"的思考.在众多学者研究的基础上.本文从空间和正义两个角度对"空问正义"概念进行了阐释."空间正义"不仅是正义在空间的表现,而且植根于空间和空间生产的过程,受空间所强化的支配和压制的影响.为使其更具政策意义,本文较为详尽地分...     

HEDONIC PRICE INDEXES FOR RESIDENTIAL HOUSING: A SURVEY,EVALUATION AND TAXONOMY

Every house is different. It is important that house price indexes take account of these quality differences. Hedonic methods which express house prices as a function of a vector of characteristics (such as number of bedrooms and bathrooms, land area and location) are particularly useful for this purpose. I consider here some developments in the hedonic methodology, as it is applied in a housing context, that have occurred in the last three decades. A number of hedonic house price indexes are now available. However, it is often difficult to see how these indexes relate to each other. For this reason I attempt to impose some structure on the literature by developing a taxonomy of hedonic indexes, and then show how existing indexes fit into this taxonomy. Also discussed are some promising areas for future research in the hedonic field. In particular, greater use needs to be made of spatial econometric and nonparametric methods to exploit the increased availability of geospatial data. The main criticisms of the hedonic approach are evaluated and compared with those of the repeat‐sales and stratified median methods. The overall conclusion is that the advantages of the hedonic approach outweigh its disadvantages.