Preferential corporate income tax treatment: Valuation in the market portfolio

In the setting of the market portfolio, the impacts of preferential corporate income tax treatments through the valuational reduction for risk are opposite to and offset the impacts through the expected proceeds. This suggests that focusing on the absolute valuation of tax-favored firms results in the undermeasurement of implicit taxes on returns on investments in tax-favored firms and the relative valuation with reference to fully taxed (i.e., tax-disfavored) benchmark firms be used. In addition, corporate income taxes imposed on entities and capital income taxes imposed on investors have opposite valuational effects through the endogenously derived market-aggregate aversion to risk.     

A processing fluency perspective on overhead aversion: How much is too much?

Overhead aversion has afflicted the nonprofit sector in recent decades. Yet, questions remain regarding how high is too high from a donor perspective and at what level overhead expenses just “feel right.” Using processing fluency as a theoretical foundation, the central purpose of this research was to investigate whether a nonprofit overhead ratio fluency level exists that significantly reduces both donation likelihood and nonprofit perceptions. Results from two studies show that a 25% overhead ratio appears to be the proximate ceiling regarding what fluently fits within a potential donor's schema for acceptance. Overhead ratios exceeding this threshold tended to decrease donation likelihood and nonprofit perceptions in a relatively stable manner. Moreover, the 25% threshold seems most relevant to human and animal causes and not as relevant to arts and cultural nonprofits such as museums. The results suggest that donors have a preconceived overhead ratio limit. Nonprofits that exceed that threshold are in danger of deterring donors. If nonprofit overhead ratios exceed the donor fluency threshold, nonprofit managers should consider distinct promotional strategies that entice donors and diminish overhead aversion effects.     

Market misvaluation and corporate innovation: “Catering” or “risk aversion”?—Empirical evidence from China capital market

This paper tests how market misvaluation affects corporate innovation. Unlike the “catering effect” observed in the US, we find that estimated stock overvaluation in China is strongly negatively associated with corporate innovation, conforming to our “risk-aversion” hypothesis. In China, misvaluation affects innovation via finance and management behavior channels. The effect is more significant in non-state-owned corporations than in state-owned corporations. Stock turnover rate and ownership concentration play moderating roles in the effect. The evidence sheds light on the relationship between market risks and corporate innovation in an emerging market.     

入境旅游季节性测度及影响因素研究——基于上海的实证分析

季节性是入境旅游的典型特征之一,对旅游业发展具有重要影响。本文以2004—2019年入境旅游月度数据为样本,采用变异系数、月度指数测度上海入境旅游需求季节性,并构建面板数据模型分析上海入境旅游需求季节性影响因素。研究发现:①上海入境旅游月集中度波动频繁,季节性明显;②上海入境旅游季节形式表现为中间低,两边高的"M"型,在全年范围内形成旺季、平季和淡季3个旅游季节,其中3月、4月、5月、10月和11月为旺季,1月和2月为淡季,其余月份为平季;③长途客源市场季节性波动较小,但总体季节性较高;短途客源市场季节性在降低,但其内部客源地存在季节性过高和季节性过低的两极分化现象。④经济、气候和社会因素均不同程度显著影响上海入境旅游季节性。     

Wage gap and stock returns: Do investors dislike pay inequality?

Recent research shows that a high wage-gap between managers and workers identifies better-performing firms, but the stock market does not seem to price this information. In this paper, we show that not all investors neglect pay inequality. Using a unique data set on German firms’ employee compensation, we find that the mispricing of the wage gap is driven by limits to arbitrage. Specifically, some investors seem to bid up low-wage-gap stocks for non-monetary reasons, thus exhibiting a preference for low pay-inequality. The results suggest that firms with equitable pay schemes are rewarded with a lower cost of capital.     

Does risk aversion explain behavior in a lemon market?

Siegenthaler proposes an ingenious solution to the lemon market adverse selection problem. He incorporates ‘‘cheap talk’’ in which sellers send out costless and nonbinding messages informing potential buyers of the quality of their goods; these messages could be true or false. This segments the market into several submarkets. Potential buyers need to decide which submarket to enter and what price to bid for the goods. Sellers then decide whether to accept the bid or not. He experimentally tests his model and finds that the comparative static results align with his theory, although the data do not exactly fit the model. Indeed, he does not fit the model to the data. His theory assumes risk-neutral decision-makers (DMs). Two reasons why the fit is not perfect may be that the DMs are not risk neutral and not perfectly rational. In this note, we report the results of fitting an asymmetric risk averse quantal response equilibrium (QRE) extension of his model to his data, and we find that the extension fits well. We show that the results are consistent with the market evidence and shed light on future research on lemon markets.     

Market insurance and endogenous saving with multiple loss states

The standard one-period model for insurance demand does not consider the interaction between the present and the future. Reflecting this observation, we analyze intertemporal insurance demand and saving in a two-period model with multiple loss states. When an individual has no access to a capital market, we first find that an actuarially fair premium does not guarantee full insurance in general, unlike in the standard approach. Income stream and discount factors are also important in determining insurance demand. Second, insurance is neither an inferior good nor a Giffen good. Third, an increase in concavity of the utility function does not always lead to an increase in insurance demand. The current income level and changes in downside risk aversion affect insurance demand. When the individual has access to a capital market, we further have the following observations. Fourth, an actuarially fair premium leads to full insurance. Fifth, insurance is an inferior good and can be a Giffen good under decreasing absolute risk aversion (DARA). An increase in the interest rate leads to a lower insurance demand and a higher saving when the relative risk aversion is less than unity. Lastly, an increase in concavity of the utility function leads to an increase in insurance demand and a decrease in saving. In conjunction, our findings point to the fact that the standard results are not obtainable if insurance demand is considered in isolation from the capital market.     

风险冲击对农户经济决策的影响与正规小额信贷的作用

本文基于行为与实验经济学理论与方法，通过对吉林省3 445个农户开展的实地实验，使用双重差分评估了风险冲击对农户经济偏好与决策的因果效应。研究发现，风险冲击会使农户更加厌恶风险，回避高风险—高回报的生产投资策略，并加大农户对跨期时间偏好不一致的程度，从而降低农户的跨期决策效率。传统的新古典微观经济学对理性人拥有稳定偏好的假设至少在冲击后短期内并不成立。正规小额信贷可得性能够调节风险冲击，表现在：缓解个体尤其是男性、中老年或低教育水平人口在风险冲击下的焦虑、压力和负面情绪，从而促进农户面对风险冲击时的风险承担行为；降低女性的风险厌恶概率；缓解农户跨期时间贴现偏好不一致的程度；缓解中老年或资产贫困人口的损失厌恶程度。     

Equilibrium investment with random risk aversion

We solve the problem of an investor who maximizes utility but faces random preferences. We propose a problem formulation based on expected certainty equivalents. We tackle the time-consistency issues arising from that formulation by applying the equilibrium theory approach. To this end, we provide the proper definitions and prove a rigorous verification theorem. We complete the calculations for the cases of power and exponential utility. For power utility, we illustrate in a numerical example that the equilibrium stock proportion is independent of wealth, but decreasing in time, which we also supplement by a theoretical discussion. For exponential utility, the usual constant absolute risk aversion is replaced by its expectation.     

风险规避零售商基于双向期权的采购管理

以前景理论的效用函数为基础构建零售商的风险规避决策模型，研究双向期权下风险规避零售商的采购管理决策问题，比较风险中性与风险规避决策者的最优决策以及最优期望效用，分析风险厌恶水平以及相关契约参数对零售商的影响。研究结果以及数值仿真实验表明：风险厌恶水平的增加会改变零售商的订购组合，从而降低其期望效用；除此之外，期权购买价格以及看涨期权执行价格的增加都会降低零售商的期望效用，看跌期权执行价格的增加会增加零售商的期望效用。