Investment in private water development: Property rights and contractual opportunism during the California Gold Rush

This paper explores the development of water supplies by private ditch companies during the California Gold Rush. Using data taken from newspaper stories, mining camp by-laws, and state Supreme Court and district court cases, the paper documents the presence of institutional conditions that were unfavorable to support private water investments including property rights uncertainty, imperfect capital markets, and significant contractual enforcement costs that may have provided opportunities for contractual holdup by miners. Some evidence suggests that water development was likely discouraged to some extent. Nevertheless, the larger response was a major expansion in water supplies through an extensive ditch system, suggesting that there were factors that limited the ability of miners to capture rents, including various ditch company strategies to limit their exposure to opportunistic behavior and recognition by miners of their reliance on ditch companies.     

湖南水污染税的税制设计及征收效应的一般均衡分析

湖南省"两型社会"的深化建设、首批环境税的开征试点、湘江污染的重点治理等事件将湖南省水污染税改革推向了历史的舞台。借鉴国外水污染税开征经验,文章系统地设计了湖南省水污染税征收的基本框架,运用可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型模拟征收水污染税对宏观经济、产业结构、污染物减排等产生的影响。结果表明:开征水污染税宏观经济受损的长期影响要大于短期;对绝大部分行业都带来了不同程度的负面影响,其中短期合成材料制造业产出下降最大,而长期毛纺织和染整精加工业受损最大;然而征收水污染税减少重金属等污染物排放,氨氮、化学需氧量下降尤为显著。     

城市水务产业价格规制研究

城市水务产业是一种具有自然垄断性、地域性、公益性及资源稀缺性的"网络型"产业,其特性决定了价格规制是水资源配置的重要手段。通过对规制定价方法进行综述,分析我国水价规制的现状和存在的问题,提出水价政府规制改革的必要性、基本思路和政策建议。     

析生态城市水休闲旅游环境承载力评价——以扬州古运河风景区为例

水休闲旅游是城市规划中的新兴主题,而水休闲旅游本身的规划模式和经营水平直接影响城市发展的生态循环程度。旅游活动的发展势必造成对城市水域空间环境质量的影响,空间旅游环境的承载力研究也成为旅游规划的重要前提。本文以扬州古运河风景区为例,在分析景区地理资源和旅游经济条件的基础上构建水休闲旅游环境承载力测算指标,并利用木桶综合推测法计算出风景区水休闲旅游环境综合承载力,为生态循环型城市水休闲旅游规划步骤中的开发条件评价提供合理依据。     

国际水法发展概述

介绍了国际水法的概念,回顾了国际水法的发展阶段,归纳分析了国际水法水权理论的发展,阐述了国际水法的发展方向,指出开展跨界水资源方面的合作,实现水资源可持续利用和发展是今后国际水法发展的主要方向。     

Measuring benefits from spatially-explicit surface water quality improvements: The roles of distance,scope, scale,and size

Programs to improve water quality do not improve all water bodies equally. Evaluation of the benefits of such programs must account for where improvements occur and the relative magnitude of improvements that occur in different places. This study uses a choice experiment survey to explore how the value to a household of a surface water quality improvement varies as a function of (i) the distance between the household and the affected streams and rivers, (ii) the degree to which the quality of the water has been improved, (iii) how many stream and river miles have been improved, and (iv) the sizes of the affected streams and rivers. Results show evidence that value declines with distance in an approximately linear way, weak evidence that large rivers are worth more than small rivers, and no evidence that willingness-to-pay is nonlinear in either the degree of water quality improvement or the number of stream miles improved. These results indicate that it may be defensible in applied work to value small, spatially-explicit water quality improvement projects independently and then sum over projects.     

Politics of The Ring: Limits to Public Participation in Engineering Practice

How engineering in the context of urban socio‐environmental challenges is practically and effectively mobilized has been the subject of some debate. Numerous professional bodies have encouraged engineers to approach socio‐environmental issues through increased engagement with, and accountability to, the public through effective participatory practices. This article presents a close empirical analysis of a major engineering project in London to argue that engineering has a more complex relationship with social, political and environmental conditions than the idealistic participatory conception supposes. In fact, the spatial, technical and economic arrangements of engineering practice may limit the potential for public participation. Through a detailed analysis of the example of the London Water Ring Main (from around 1988 to 1994), this article shows how myriad sometimes conflicting engineering issues and responsibilities interfered with key elements of effective participation. Therefore, although increased public engagement in engineering may be desirable in theory, substantial professional, institutional and political change may have to occur before this is possible in practice .     

全站仪圆弧参考线测量在南水北调工程中的应用探讨

随着我国各项基础建设的快速推进以及全站仪的普及,如何充分发挥仪器内固有程序的作用,是每个使用者所关心的问题。文章以南水北调中线漕河段界河倒虹吸延长工程数据为依托,结合多年的实际工作经验,详细探讨了圆弧参考线测量在南水北调工程中的使用方法,并且在精度上给予评定,结果显示完全符合工程规范要求。     

云南水利工程设计概算编制要点分析

以目前云南省最新发布的水利工程相关营改增文件及水利工程概算定额为主要依据,结合云南省水利工程的实际情况,从编制依据的确定及了解工程基本情况开始,逐步分析一个完整的设计概算在编制过程中关于人材机、直接费费率、间接费费率等基础资料在选择运用时应注意的要点,同时为编制云南省水利工程设计概算的造价人员提供参考。