关于农业地方标准体系建设中若干问题的探讨

近年来,随着农业标准化工作的日益深入,各地方加快了本地区农业标准体系建设的步伐。本文结合陕西省农业标准体系建设中的一些体会,就农业地方标准体系建设的一些共性问题进行了讨论。     

University Life Science Programs and Agricultural Biotechnology

We examine sources of productivity in bioscience research and graduate training in U.S. universities. For this purpose, we first identify the scientific publications cited on agricultural biotechnology patents, and then trace the citations back to the universities producing the cited research. Insight is thus gained into the university investments that demonstrably influence useful technology. Life-science budget allocations substantially affect both graduate education and technology-relevant science. Graduate training shows decreasing returns to budget scale, while productive research shows decreasing returns in the short run but increasing returns in the long run. Training is a weak substitute for research, while research is a moderate complement to training.     

旺村水利枢纽一期施工导流设计与优化

旺村水利枢纽处于桂江与西江汇合口附近，受西江洪水位顶托严重，施工过程洪水情况非常复杂，因此该工程采用了过水围堰的方案，减少了上游库区淹没几率，节约了工程投资。文章着重介绍了施工时段选择，过水围堰的设计与优化，特别是采用了基坑预充水等一系列简单易行的措施后，石渣保护的过水围堰体很牢固，供同类工程设计人员借鉴。     

论火力发电厂循环水泵房出水管抗推部分的结构设计

文章以某2×300MW机组火力发电厂循环水泵房为例，介绍了循环水泵房结构出水管抗推部分的设计方法。     

季节性饥荒条件下农业起源问题研究

学术界对农业发生原因的讨论已经持续很长时间了，但对晚期智人阶段季节性饥荒在农业发生中的作用并未给予足够重视。古气候研究表明，在距今5-1万年前的旧石器晚期全球气候比较寒冷，距今3万年前的气温比现在低10℃左右，后来气温才逐渐回升。在寒冷气候的影响下，晚期智人在冬季更难获得食品，因此发生了季节性饥荒，在一些地方甚至出现了以人为食的悲剧，季节性饥荒迫使古人类驯化栽培植物和驯养动物以补给冬季食物的短缺。当初驯化的植物和驯养的动物可能多种多样，经过不断的比较和选择，原始人类最终将种植畜养的重点确定在少数几种动植物上，逐渐使之脱离野生状态成为栽培植物和家养动物，如籽粒丰硕易于保存的植物和性情温顺的草食性动物，随之他们也脱离了采集渔猎生活，进入了农业社会。这一变化过程是在晚期智人阶段完成的，因此研究农业起源的时间起点不应局限于新石器时代，需要进一步上推，以旧石器时代晚期为宜。     

工业废水污染与城镇化进程的动态关系分析

选取2003—2012年中国工业废水中的5类污染物,对工业废水污染物和城镇化率的关系进行库兹涅茨曲线拟合,并在此基础上采用3次指数平滑法对工业废水污染物的排放量进行预测。结果表明:随着城镇化建设的加快,我国工业废水污染物中石油类和铅的排放量呈现先下降后上升的趋势,但化学需氧量、氨氮和挥发酚等污染物却不符合典型的环境库兹涅茨曲线形状。预计到2020年,化学需氧量和氨氮的排放量将呈现负值,而挥发酚、石油类和铅的排放量将急剧增加。     

Do Formula or Competitive Grant Funds Have Greater Impacts on State Agricultural Productivity?

This article examines the impact of public agricultural research and extension on agricultural total factor productivity at the state level. The objective is to establish whether federal formula or competitive grant funding of agricultural research has a greater impact on state agricultural productivity. A pooled cross-section time-series model of agricultural productivity is fitted to annual data for forty-eight contiguous states over 1970–1999. Our results show that public agricultural research and agricultural extension have statistically significant positive impacts on state agricultural productivity. In addition, Hatch formula funding has a larger impact on agricultural productivity than federal competitive grant funding, and a reallocation of Hatch formula funds to competitive grant funding would lower agricultural productivity. This seems unlikely to be a socially optimal policy. Furthermore, from a cost–benefit perspective, our study shows that the social marginal annualized real rate of return to public resources invested in agricultural research is 49–62%, and to public agricultural extension, the rate is even larger.     

水利建设市场主体政府监管效果评价指标体系研究

从政府监管视角,分析了水利建设市场主体政府监管效果的内涵与评价内容。在此基础上,从水利建设市场主体行为、工程项目管理绩效、工程项目社会影响等3个方面,利用文献计量法等,研究并构建了水利建设市场主体政府监管效果评价指标体系。最后,运用多层次灰色评价理论,通过实例验证了评价指标体系的科学性和合理性。