An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.     

生物质热裂解液化技术的发展概况

生物质能转换利用技术包括直接燃烧技术、热化学转化技术和生化转化技术.生物质热化学转化技术具有效率高、成本低的优势,备受各国关注,而热裂解液化技术又是研究中的重中之重,是目前生物质能源发展领域中的前沿技术之一.目前,生物质热裂解液化技术在美国、加拿大等国的研究开发居世界领先地位,而我国在这方面的研究起步较晚,没有商业化生产和应用.由于生物质资源具有可再生性,其必将取代原有的矿物能源,因此生物质热裂解液化技术具有广阔的发展应用前景.     

Insights into a black box! Comparison of organizational modes and their monetary implications for the producers of short rotation coppice (SRC) in Brandenburg/Germany

A substantial change in energy policy in Germany towards the substitution of fossil, nonrenewable energy resources is part of a current political and social process. This change has been accelerated by the government’s decision in summer 2011 to phase out nuclear energy, a direct result of the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, Japan. As part of this development, new business activities and modes of organization for the provisioning of energy from alternative sources have emerged; one such activity is short rotation coppice (SRC) cultivation on agricultural land. In this paper, we compare the two prevailing organizational modes for SRC: independent production and contract farming. We use a mixed-methods approach to examine these modes from the producers’ point of view in Brandenburg/Germany. First, we give reasons for the producer’s choice between these two modes of organization based on the interviewee’s qualitative assessment of how these modes cope with perceived SRC-related challenges e.g. uncertainties. As economic uncertainty plays a major role in both refusal to adopt SRC and the choice of the mode of organization for SRC production, we secondly model the unknown economic outcome of the independent mode. We thereby give insights into the “black box”. This consists on the one hand of lacking economic figures for an economic comparison of both modes, and on the other hand of the producer’s decision-making process between both modes. For the latter, we use the theoretical approach of transaction costs to display ostensible non-monetary decision factors. Using a known monetary reference for the contract farming mode, we are able firstly to support a comparison of economic factors and secondly to identify and interpret the critical variables whose manifestations and/or changes are decisive for the economic outcome. The modelling results show that neither of the two modes performs better per se. This finding suggests that the weight ascribed to the transaction costs of SRC in each individual producer’s decision-making process is decisive for the producer’s choice of mode.     

掺合料对改性镁水泥基生物质建材耐久性的影响

本文针对当前镁水泥基生物质建材中秸秆抗老化性能差的问题,通过在镁水泥基生物质建材中掺加粉煤灰、脲醛树脂,测试镁水泥基生物质建材的干湿强度系数,研究粉煤灰与脲醛树脂掺量对镁水泥基生物质建材的耐腐、抗老化性能。     

生物质能开发利用的意义及现状

综述了生物质能开发利用的意义及国内外的现状。生物质能是可再生的绿色能源,目前国内外正在积极开发利用。     

瑞典的生物质能应用及其对我国的启示

瑞典在过去三十年中持续地增加生物质能（bioenergy）应用,使生物质能达到国家能源总消费的约1／3。在这一过程中,生物质能的生产技术趋向成熟,生物燃料（biofuels）市场得到发展,大型装备和运输体系逐步改进,产业链初步形成。瑞典发展和应用生物质能的实践,对中国调整能源结构、实行节能减排、利用地区生物质资源,以及用工业化方式生产生物质能有一定借鉴意义。     

太阳能-生物质能-谷电蓄热联合供暖系统研究

为了提高多种新能源组合供暖的热效率,考察太阳能-生物质能-谷电蓄热联合供暖系统的供暖效果,利用TRNSYS软件中的TRNbuild模块对实验室进行供暖期内逐时热负荷仿真计算,以动态负荷为基础搭建太阳能与生物质锅炉联合供暖系统的TRNSYS 模型,并对仿真结果进行了实验验证。研究结果表明：7种运行模式及控制策略联合互补,实现了各单元在供暖过程中不同时段的协调控制,保证了联合供暖系统的稳定运行;联合供暖系统供水温度从40 ℃升高至60 ℃,其供热效率降低了11.08%,太阳能保证率降低了23.35%;集热器面积从20 m²增大到40 m²时,太阳能保证率增加25.99%,供热效率降低了2.11%;集热水箱容积从1.5 m³增大到4 m³时,太阳能保证率增加8.67%,供热效率增加了4.31%;系统平均供热效率实验值与模拟值误差为4.29%,平均供热指标实验值与模拟值误差为6.15%;联合供暖系统测试日平均温度为19.76 ℃,能够达到寒冷地区冬季供暖室内温度18~24 ℃的采暖要求。联合供暖系统具有良好的热舒适性,研究结果可为北方地区多源互补供热系统工程优化设计提供依据。     

基于SWOT-PEST模型的广西农业生物质能产业发展研究

本文运用SWOT-PEST相融合的分析法,对广西农业生物质能产业发展的内部优劣势与外部环境的机会和挑战四方面进行了详细的分析,总结出广西农业生物质能产业面临的形势和所处的地位,提出了相应的发展策略。     

国际生物质能源发展的评价——动机、支持措施及对世界粮食供求影响视角

发展生物质能源是应对国际能源危机的重要途径。但各国生物质能源战略的出发点却似乎并不在于此。从动机看,美欧等发达国家的真正动机更像是抢占世界可再生能源市场,而巴西等少数发展中国家的核心动机则在于规避农产品贸易保护、改变与发达国家的斗争形式和斗争领域。从支持与保护措施看,它是农产品贸易大国推行农业支持与农产品贸易保护的一种特殊形式。扭曲的动机和支持与保护措施使得生物质能源的发展对世界粮食供求产生了重要的影响,并进一步恶化了广大发展中国家的经济发展环境。