木质生物质的生物炼制及其综合利用

随着世界经济的高速发展,近年来能源资源短缺、生态环境恶化等问题日益严重。生物炼制是环境可持续发展和能源经济转变的重要手段,以生物炼制为核心的生物技术将能为解决人类社会目前面临的资源、能源与环境等诸多重要问题提供支撑。木质生物质是世界上产量最丰富的可再生生物资源,有巨大的发展潜力。介绍了生物炼制的概念,主要阐述了木质生物质生物炼制技术和主要的生物质化学品,生物质材料,生物质能源等,并展望了生物炼制的发展前景。     

我国能源生物质供应物流面临的运营、战略与体制问题剖析

能源生物质资源开发具有极为重要的战略意义。但是,其产业效率的实现无法忽略供应物流的制约和影响。研究认为,当前我国的能源生物质供应体系及物流管理存在着三大层面的现实问题:(1)物流运作与竞争层面:企业实际运作中缺乏对生物质物流的战略性考虑;生物质原料替代用途广泛,供应稳定性差;物流成本失控,严重侵蚀利润;生物质收购和供应管理整体上较为粗放。(2)战略与决策层面:企业目标扭曲,动机不纯;在一些重大问题上静态机械的预测;前期调研中忽视人均指标;过于乐观的估计;对黑色化涉农(食品)供应链的威胁性认识不足。(3)物流环境与体制方面:国家生物质物流政策的缺失;生物质物流装备问题;社会物流不发达,生物质供应物流运筹的空间有限;政府审批不合理导致的设施布置失控及风险。当然,上述这些问题在生物质能产业的各个分支(如秸秆发电,沼气、燃料乙醇,生物柴油等)中的表现,则存在严重程度和内在机制上的差异性。     

生物质能源开发利用对“三农”的影响分析

对农业而言,生物质能开发利用能够促进我国农业结构升级、改善农业经济管理模型、发展林业经济。对农村而言,生物质能开发利用能够改善农村能源结构,优化农村生态环境和生活环境,促进农村工业发展。对农民而言,生物质能开发利用能够增加就业机会,增加农民收入,提高农民生活质量。然而,开发生物质能有可能增加对生产资料的竞争,增加相关农林产品价格的波动以及由于大面积种植单一作物而降低生物多样性,因此开发利用生物质能要合理规划。     

非食用生物质制燃料乙醇的研究现状

生物质能源是清洁的可再生的能源,目前以非食用生物质为原料来制取可再生的新能源——燃料乙醇受到了越来越多研究者的关注。重点介绍了从纤维素类生物质制备燃料乙醇的发展现状及关键工艺,指出了其广阔的发展前景。     

基于ISM的沙区生物质发电产业影响因素分析

沙区生物质发电主要是指利用沙生灌木的平茬抚育剩余物进行发电。其产业发展受到发展规划、资源禀赋、法规政策、沙区生态治理、生物质能技术等诸多因素的制约。利用解释结构模型(ISM)分析了该产业影响因素的结构及层级关系。结果表明,资源禀赋和经济激励政策是影响沙区生物质发电产业的直接因素,发电成本、生物质能技术、投融资等是中间层因素,认知观念、发展规划、沙地生态的治理需求是影响沙区生物质发电的深层次原因。在此基础上对中国沙区生物质发电产业给出了相关的政策建议。     

甘肃省能源资源禀赋与贫困关系的量化研究

应用因子分析和主成分分析方法,以甘肃省的能源资源数据为基础,分别分析了矿物能源和生物质能源资源禀赋与贫困之间的相关性.结果表明,矿物能源资源禀赋与贫困之间没有显著的相关性,而生物资源禀赋与贫困之间存在显著的负相关性,不合理的能源政策体制是决定能源资源禀赋与贫困之间相关性的主要因素,并提出了相关的建议.     

Heterogeneity and assessment uncertainties in forest characteristics and biomass carbon stocks: Important considerations for climate mitigation policies

The management of forests to store carbon and mitigate climate change has received significant international attention during the last decade. Using in situ data from a 2008–2009 forest inventory field campaign in Sri Lanka, this study describes the structural characteristics and carbon stocks of six natural forest types. This paper has a dual scope: i) to highlight the variation in carbon stored in aboveground biomass within and between forest types and ii) to determine the implications of the allometric equations chosen to calculate biomass carbon stocks. This study concerns work related to climate change interventions, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and other forest-related, performance-based initiatives that require proper monitoring, reporting, and verification of carbon stocks, sinks and emissions. The results revealed that forests are heterogeneous in terms of tree density and height–diameter relationships, both between and within the six forest types investigated. The mean aboveground carbon stock in the different forest types ranged from 22 to 181 Mg C ha⁻¹, and there were statistically significant differences in the carbon stocks of the six forest types in 7 of 15 cases. The estimated carbon stock depended heavily on the allometric equation used for the calculations, the variables, and its application to the specific life zone. Due to the diversity of forest structures, these results suggest that caution should be taken when applying default values to estimate forest carbon stocks and emission values in reporting and accounting schemes. The results also indicated the need for allometric equations that are context-specific for different forest types. Therefore, new field investigations and measurements are needed to determine these specific allometric equations, as well as the potential variation in forest carbon stocks in tropical natural forests.     

生物质降解人畜排泄物的状况及其发展

生物质能在整个能源系统中占有重要地位,而人畜排泄物也逐渐脱离农田利用而污染环境。文章基于国内外对人畜排泄物处理现状的分析,提出在能源紧张和环境污染成为制约我国经济发展的状况下,应合理利用生物质降解人畜排泄物,充分实现废物资源化。     

Exploiting the Medium Term Biomass Energy Potentials in Austria: A Comparison of Costs and Macroeconomic Impact

The transition to an implicitly solar-basedenergy system can make use of various specificbiomass energy systems. This paper provideseconomic and environmental indicators forevaluating alternative options.The paper proceeds in three empirical steps.First, an expert survey supplies the primarybiomass potentials available for non-food usein Austria and their respective costs. Second,an inquiry into investment, operating andfinancing costs of 30 different biomass energyuse systems allows a standardized comparisonamong them and their relationship to fossilreference technologies. Third, a computablegeneral equilibrium model of the Austrianeconomy is employed to quantify the impacts offostering the use of distinct biomass energytechnologies.The results allow us to distinguish betweenthose technologies that tend to lead to anincrease in both GDP and employment (e.g.,combined heat and power production from sewagesludge biogas), to an increase only inemployment, while GDP tends to diminish (e.g.,district heating based on agricultural pellets)or to a decline in both (e.g., co-firing basedon wood-chips, bark or industrial pellets).Individual technologies could account for up toone third of Austrias Kyoto obligation, whilecombinations of technologies, triggered by acombined CO₂ tax and biomass energysubsidy for example, could almost fully lead toAustrian Kyoto-compliance.     

人类与生态系统退化

文章介绍了生物多样性减少、灾害增多、水土流失严重、土地沙漠化加剧、草场退化、全球气候温暖化等诸多生态系统退化的表现,并提出了相应对策及未来展望。