防治土壤退化

目前全球土壤退化问题较为严重，我国也无例外。针对不同的土壤退化类型提出了治理措施。组织培养、微生物、基因技术的应用将更有利于解决面临的问题。     

Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights: Causes and Consequences

A game-theoretic model of heterogeneous producers is developed to examine the economic causes and consequences of intellectual property right (IPR) infringement in the context of a small open developing economy. Analytical results show that complete deterrence of IPR infringement is not always economically optimal. IPR infringement affects economic welfare and has important ramifications for the pricing and adoption of the new technology (biotechnology). The quantitative nature of results depends on the labeling regime. If the TRIPs agreement follows the custom of retaliatory sanctions under GATT, IPR enforcement will remain imperfect and innovators' ability to obtain value for their biotech traits will be limited.     

Grading, Minimum Quality Standards, and the Labeling of Genetically Modified Products

We relate the labeling of genetically modified (GM) products to the theory of grading and minimum quality standards. The model represents three stages in the supply chain, assumes a vertical product differentiation framework, allows for the accidental commingling of non-GM products, and treats regulation as a purity threshold for non-GM products. We find that a non-GM purity level that is too strict leads to the disappearance of the non-GM product, and that some quality standard benefits farmers. Indeed, the standard that is optimal from the perspective of producers is stricter than what is optimal for consumers and for societal welfare.     

Yield Effects of Tissue Culture Bananas in Kenya: Accounting for Selection Bias and the Role of Complementary Inputs

We analyse yield effects of tissue culture (TC) banana technology in the Kenyan small farm sector, using recent survey data and an endogenous switching regression approach. TC banana plantlets, which are free from pests and diseases, have been introduced in East Africa since the late 1990s. Although field experiments show significant yield advantages over traditional banana suckers, a rigorous assessment of impacts in farmers’ fields is still outstanding. A comparison of mean yield levels between TC adopters and non‐adopters in our sample shows no significant difference. However, we find evidence of negative selection bias, indicating that farmers with lower than average yields are more likely to adopt TC. Controlling for this bias results in a positive and significant TC net yield gain of 7%. We also find that TC technology is more knowledge intensive and more responsive to irrigation than traditional bananas. Simulations show that improving access to irrigation could lift TC productivity gains to above 20%. The analytical approach developed and applied here and the finding of negative selection bias may also be relevant for the evaluation of other agricultural technologies.     

Using the functional analysis to understand the emergence of biomaterials within an existing biotechnology system: observations from a case study in Turkey

ABSTRACT

The paper applies a functional approach to the analysis of an emerging technology within an innovation system (IS) in a developing country. By doing so, the paper identifies the advantages and drawbacks of the approach through a dynamic analysis and highlights the life cycle of an IS within which a new technology is emerging. This is done empirically by analysing the emergence of biosimilars within the infant Turkish biotechnology system mainly from the perspective of firms. Our analysis of the Turkish case illustrates how the tool of functional approach could be valuable in understanding the dynamics of a technology in a developing country context. Policy suggestions and implications of the study are presented as concluding remarks.     

利用生物发酵法生产黄腐酸类物质

利用生物发酵法生产黄腐酸类物质，尚处在开发探讨阶段，本文作者结合自己几年来开发利用生物黄腐酸类物质的体会，对生物发酵法生产黄腐酸类物质技术的生物化学理论基础，发酵工艺条件的优化以及黄腐酸类物质的抽提等进行了粗浅的探讨。     

极端微生物的应用进展

在过去的几十年里,众多极端微生物被拿到实验室进行培养,它们为生物技术研究提供了一个巨大的开发空间.近年来,随着生物技术研究逐渐成为21世纪研究的热点,新颖的培养方法、环境基因组学和完整基因组序列为开发极端微生物提供了新的手段,同时也为生物技术的工业化应用奠定了基础.     

石油、天然气资源的生物技术利用

本文重点论述了现代生物技术应用于石油化工领域的发展现状及发展趋势，指出利用生物技术深度开发石油、天然气资源将极大地推动石油化工工业的发展，石油、天然气资源的生物技术利用是新世纪生物技术重点开发方向。