生物制药产业技术轨道变迁与机会分析

以传统化学制药产业为比较基础,归纳了生物制药产业中顺序出现的三条技术轨道——"现代生物技术作为生产工具"、"现代生物技术作为搜寻工具"和"全面整合",分析了不同技术轨道所依赖的企业关键能力,明确了企业参与产业创新的机会以及由此引发的产业竞争态势变革。最后预测了生物制药产业中未来可能出现的技术轨道——"理论+实验",指出了该技术轨道所依赖的企业关键能力、提供的创新机会和可能导致的产业竞争新态势。     

Innovation and Trade with Endogenous Market Failure: The Case of Genetically Modified Products

A partial-equilibrium, two-country model is developed to analyze implications from the introduction of genetically modified (GM) products. In the model, innovators hold proprietary rights, farmers are (competitive) adopters, some consumers deem GM food to be inferior in quality to traditional food, and the mere introduction of GM crops affects the costs of non-GM food (because of costly identity preservation). Among the results derived, it is shown that, although GM innovations have the potential to improve efficiency, some groups can be made worse off. Indeed, it is even possible that the costs induced by GM innovations outweigh the efficiency gains.     

纺织品抗皱整理的利弊及绿色应对措施

在介绍含醛树脂抗皱整理利弊的同时,重点提出了对此负面影响的几点应对措施:倡导研究和使用无甲醛和低甲醛整理剂,采用生物技术、纳米技术、水蒸气闪爆技术等新技术,可提高纺织品的安全性,并提醒人们提高使用和穿着纺织品的安全意识。     

Integrating Technology Traits and Producer Heterogeneity: A Mixed-Multinomial Model of Genetically Modified Corn Adoption

This article proposes a model of technology adoption that integrates demand for individual traits of new technologies with the potential for heterogeneity based on farm and farmer characteristics. The model is applied to recent genetically modified corn adoption data from Minnesota and Wisconsin farmers, using a mixed-multinomial logit (MMNL) model to estimate the effects of traits and farm and farmer characteristics on adoption outcomes. This approach allows explicit recovery of estimates of farmers' shadow prices for individual technology traits. Results show the importance of producer and regional heterogeneity in preferences for seed traits.     

Seeds of accumulation: Molecular breeding and the seed corn industry in Hawai‘i

This paper examines how the application of advances in molecular biology change the relationships between nature and capital through a case study of Hawaiˋi's seed corn industry. Hawaiˋi's relatively minor role as a winter nursery changed in the late 1990s after the seed corn industry was reshaped by a series of techno‐scientific innovations and organizational restructuring. We draw attention to a molecular breeding technique called marker‐assisted selection (MAS) that accelerates crop improvement cycles by making parent lines selection more efficient and by taking advantage of extra growing seasons in tropical locations such as Hawaiˋi. Additionally, we argue that a wider application of MAS enhances seed firms’ geographical flexibility, allowing them to capitalize on the institutional rents of Hawaiˋi's agrarian politics and overcome challenges that might emerge in the future.     

现代生物技术产业应用问题与对策——以山东省为例

现代生物技术在医药、农业、能源、材料、化工、环保等多个工业领域的应用,对经济社会可持续发展进程有重要推动作用.现代生物技术是新一轮科技革命的制高点和产业变革的新引擎,是当今国际科技竞争焦点,发达国家牢牢占据国际生物科技最前沿,中国已在医药、制造、农业等生物技术领域取得一批原创性成果,但生物技术产业大而不强,整体水平处于价值链中低端.通过比较、举例和调查等研究方法,对现代生物技术在山东的产业应用情况进行分析、综合和比较,剖析生物技术产业化应用问题,并从政策激励力度、融通现代生物技术创新链条、构建高效协同创新平台体系等方面提出促进生物技术产业化应用的对策建议.     

谈现代生物技术改写传统食品发酵工艺的历史

人类对生命科学研究的持续开展极大地促进了农业生物技术和工业生物技术的发展,引发了人类健康事业的历史性变革。现代化生物技术的突飞猛进,改写了食品发酵工艺的历史。展望现代生物技术领域的发展趋势,把握世界现代生物技术领域的发展态势,对大力提高我国科技自主创新能力具有极其重要的意义。     

An analysis of bundle pricing: the case of biotech seeds

Biotechnology has provided opportunities for strategic management and pricing of patented products. This article analyzes the economics and strategy of bundling and bundle pricing of biotech traits in seeds. When the bundling of genes/traits is decided by biotech firms, firms may choose among subadditive pricing, component pricing, or superadditive pricing strategies. We argue that complementarity among component genes contributes to subadditive pricing, while substitution among components contributes to superadditive pricing. The nature of bundle pricing is explored empirically using U.S. seed corn data from 2000 to 2007. We document that subadditive bundle pricing of traits is commonly found in the seed corn market. However, we also present evidence of superadditive pricing and component pricing. The presence of different pricing and bundling strategies suggests a rapidly advancing and complex market. The preponderance of subadditive pricing suggests that trait bundling offers benefits to farmers exhibiting strong demand for multiple complementary genetic traits.     

Cross-licensing agreements in presence of technological improvements

This study investigates the relationship between technologies that firms expect to achieve after cross-licensing (CL) and their incentives for signing CL agreements in a multiproduct-firm setting. Results indicate that if markets are bounded substantial technological improvements that result in removal of firms’ current products from the market may in fact reduce firms’ incentives to negotiate a CL deal. This may also give firms an incentive to agree upon a tacit collusion by which they limit the utilization of CL technologies. However, when markets are unbounded, the prospect of capturing new markets and charging royalty fees can significantly increase firms’ incentives for CL. The rationale behind our modeling assumptions is discussed using example from agriculture biotechnology industry.     

Mapping the emerging field of genome editing

Targeted genetic modification (TagMo) technologies are being used for new approaches to genetic engineering often called ‘genome editing’. These approaches are in the early stages of development, and basic understandings of what TagMo is, of its likely future, and how it should be governed are still being established. In order to inform these discussions and increase their transparency, we map the scientific landscape of TagMo using advances in tech mining and bibliometrics and in consultation with experts in the field. We assess the sub-topics and disciplines associated with TagMo research, and the actors, institutions, and nations involved, while making observations about the funding of research and the collaborative patterns among actors. The technology assessment approach used in this article has important implications for anticipatory governance of TagMo plant products. It is designed to help scientists, managers, and policy-makers understand trends in TagMo technological development in order to prepare for future governance.