我国生物高新技术产品出口的国际比较及对策研究

生物高新技术产品是高新技术产品的重要一种。我国高新技术产品出口方面存在的问题,即出口规模,研发投入,出口结构,企业融资方式,等等。将中国生物高新技术产品出口状况与世界各发达国家进行定量的比较。并提出我国生物高新技术产品出口的相应对策。     

浅析现代生物技术在水污染控制中的应用

当今的水处理技术中生物处理法已成为水污染控制的主要方法,尤其是现代生物技术将成为水污染控制领域重点开发和应用的技术手段。本文介绍了现代生物技术的内容与特点,着重综述了现代生物技术在废水生物处理、生物修复以及微生物水处理剂等方面的研究与应用状况,在此基础上提出今后现代生物技术在水污染控制领域中的研究方向。     

The Optimal Timing of Evaluation of Genebank Accessions and the Effects of Biotechnology

The lack of ex ante evaluation of germplasm in genebanks has been the single most prevalent and long-standing complaint of plant breeders about the management of genebanks. Advances in biotechnology offer the possibility of faster, cheaper and more efficient evaluation methodologies. Will these new technologies favor ex post evaluation, as some expect, or will it lead to more ex ante evaluation? Will it also lead to earlier development of varieties with disease resistance traits in anticipation of actual infestations? Will the prospect of further advances in biotechnology favor delay of evaluation and development? This paper addresses these questions in the case of evaluation of germplasm for resistance to a disease.     

Trade-mediated biotechnology transfer and its effective absorption: an application to the U.S. forestry sector

In this paper, we analyze the consequences of biotechnology innovations in the United States forest sector (logging) by modeling technology transfer embodied in trade flows and its absorption. A seven-region, seven-traded-commodity version of a dynamic computable general equilibrium model is used to achieve this task. A 0.63% Hicks-neutral biotechnological progress in the source region (U.S.) has differential impacts on the productivity of the log-using sectors in the domestic as well as in the recipient regions. Since recipient regions' ability to utilize biotechnology innovations depends on their absorptive capacity (AC) and structural similarity (SS), we construct the AC and SS indices based on multiplicity of factors such as human capital endowments, skill content and social appropriateness of the new innovations. The model results show that biotechnological innovations in the U.S. forest sector result in a significant increase in timber production. Following the productivity improvements and its embodied spillover, wood products and pulp and paper sectors in the U.S. register higher productivity growth. The role of AC and SS in capturing technical change is shown to be evident. In the face of growing regulations on timber production from public forests, increasing productivity through biotechnology may be the most effective way to meet the consumer demand for forest products.     

论新技术在保健食品生产中的应用

保健食品剂型多样,生产工艺多元,先进的生产技术对于保证保健食品质量,提高生产效率具有重要意义。随着科学技术的进步,新的生产工艺、剂型、技术不断应用在保健食品工业中,为了更好地开展保健食品审评检查工作,本文从生物技术、微胶囊技术、膜分离技术、超临界流体(SCF)萃取技术、冷冻干燥技术、冷杀菌技术6个方面分析了新技术在保健食品原料生产、提取纯化、浓缩、干燥、杀菌包装等生产工艺中的应用,以指导保健食品审评检查工作。     

双水相萃取技术在生物、医药方面的应用

讨论了双水相萃取技术的作用原理,分析了影响双水相萃取的因素,介绍了双水相萃取技术的特点及这一技术在生物和药物提取领域的应用,针对双水相萃取技术的特点及局限性对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Knowledge sharing and safeguarding in R&D collaborations: The role of steering committees in biotechnology alliances

Research Summary: This research contributes to alliance governance research by demonstrating how partners' administrative controls in nonequity collaborations regulate knowledge transfers across partners. These administrative controls can take the form of board‐like joint committees having explicitly delineated authority over certain alliance activities. We illuminate governing committees as an important, albeit neglected, instrument for administrative control in the governance of non‐equity alliances, and we demonstrate that these organizational mechanisms facilitate knowledge flows within the scope of an alliance. We also show that governing committees safeguard against misappropriation hazards, particularly when a partner possesses the incentive and ability to engage in such behavior. This study extends alliance governance research beyond the implications of the equity‐nonequity dichotomy to consider a wider and richer gamut of governance instruments available to address the challenges associated with knowledge transfers in alliances. Managerial Summary: Non‐equity alliances are important vehicles to collaborate with external partners, particularly in the biopharmaceutical industry and other high‐tech sectors. To guide these collaborations effectively, partners can use the contract to custom‐build jointly‐staffed managerial units with clearly demarcated decision‐making responsibilities. We demonstrate that these organizational mechanisms facilitate knowledge flows within the scope of an alliance. We also show that governing committees also safeguard against misappropriation hazards, particularly when a partner values a firm's knowledge highly, or it possesses the required ability to absorb and assimilate a firm's knowledge. Our results imply that contractually‐defined managerial interfaces provide a channel to regulate knowledge‐sharing in collaborative alliances.     

Public Investment and Industry Incentives in Life-Science Research

Life-science research has shifted rapidly from the public to the private sector, raising questions about government's remaining role. We shed light on the issue by employing a dynamic investment-response model to examine the public's impact on industry life-science research effort and success. We find that government expenditures in both basic biological research and agricultural and medical science create substantial spillovers for private firms. The spillovers are, unfortunately, partly nullified by government competition for scarce research inputs. Yet even after accounting for such competition, public investment has been strongly complementary to private investment. Indeed, opportunities created through public research are the principal source of growth in industry life sciences.     

Genetically Modified Crops, Corporate Pricing Strategies, and Farmers' Adoption: The Case of Bt Cotton in Argentina

This article analyzes adoption and impacts of Bt cotton in Argentina against the background of monopoly pricing. Based on survey data, it is shown that the technology significantly reduces insecticide applications and increases yields; however, these advantages are curbed by the high price charged for genetically modified seeds. Using the contingent valuation method, it is shown that farmers' average willingness to pay is less than half the actual technology price. A lower price would not only increase benefits for growers, but could also multiply company profits, thus, resulting in a Pareto improvement. Implications of the sub-optimal pricing strategy are discussed.     

生物技术黄腐酸微肥的开发和应用

本文介绍了生物技术黄腐酸微肥的开发和应用,使用结果表明,该微肥具有补充作物所需的微量元素和提高作物抗旱能力的双重功能,是很有发展前途的新型肥料。