生活源产排污系数在污染源普查中的应用分析

第一次全国污染源普查工作办公室编写的《第一次全国污染源普查生活源产排污系数手册》,为第一次全国污染源普查生活源的污染物产生量和排放量的计算提供了依据。文章通过实例分析生活源产排污系数在污染源普查中的应用。     

城市光污染的类型和预防治理价值分析

光污染分白亮污染、人工白昼和彩光污染三种类型,它们对人类的身体健康和自然生态环境造成了危害。治理光污染不仅能大大地提高人们的健康水平,而且还能给社会创造无限的经济利益,同时还将为城市建设带来新的生机。     

多管齐下治污染

排污权交易制度是目前国际上治理污染的新兴制度,与传统的政府管制手段相比,这一制度具有理论上的优越性,但其现实应用则受到诸多条件的制约。因此,对我国而言,需要综合运用政府管制手段、征收环境税(费)和排污权交易等手段来共同治理环境污染。     

化工废弃物逆向物流回收模式选择研究

随着化工行业的兴起,化工行业在国民经济中占的比重越来越大。如果众多化工企业产生的废弃物处置不当,将会对生态环境和人体健康造成巨大的影响,所以对废弃物的回收处理成为当今迫切需要解决的问题。以化工废弃物为研究对象,构建化工废弃物逆向物流回收模式指标评价体系,运用模糊综合评价法及层次分析法对其回收模式进行重点研究,以期为相关的化工企业提供参考意见。     

Taxing air pollutants and carbon individually or jointly: results from a CGE model enriched by an emission abatement sector

We analyse the separate and collective impacts of emissions taxation to understand the internalisation effects of externalities. The analysis is carried out using a static computable general equilibrium model, with unemployment, bottom-up abatement technologies represented by a step function, and detailed emission coefficients. Environmental and health external costs are quantified using the ExternE’s Impact Pathway Approach. Emissions, as a result of environmental taxation, fall through reduced output, production factor substitution, and increased end of pipe abatement activity. The analysis shows that a full internalisation of environmental externalities can result in modest overall economic and environmental welfare gains. There are, however, differences in terms of employment and output, depending on what combination of taxes are applied, which sectors are covered, and how fiscal revenues are redistributed. Air quality benefits range from €35–75 per ton of CO₂ abated. Total environmental benefits always exceed GDP loss and the associated welfare loss.     

政府政绩追求与环境污染——基于空间面板的实证研究

随着环境污染的恶化,地方政府对于环境治理的激励逐渐受到各界的关注。利用中国30个省市2004—2013年间的二氧化硫排放强度为样本,以空间计量模型实证研究了政府政绩追求与环境污染之间的关系。研究结果表明：中国各省市二氧化硫排放强度在空间分布上具有显著的空间溢出效应,且这种空间溢出效应逐年增加;以政府财政收入、经济增长率、就业率为政府政绩考核的指标与环境污染之间存在着显著的正向关系。研究不仅为政府治理环境污染问题提供了有益的经验证据,也为中国地方政府制定更为完善的政绩考核标准提供了借鉴。     

石家庄市AQI数据研究分析

目前,以京津冀为代表,我国超过2/3的城市空气质量不达标,已进入大范围生态退化和复合性环境污染的阶段。通过对石家庄空气质量指数污染物为SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5、O3、CO观测,利用SPSS Statistics研究了PM2.5,SO2,NO2,CO,O3与AQI之间相关关系和回归性。用这种方法分析大气污染综合指标,有利于问题的分析与处理,为大气污染浓度及预测提供了相关依据。     

Hydrocarbon pollution in underwater sinkholes of the Mexican Caribbean caused by tourism and asphalt: Historical data series and cluster analysis

In this study historical data sets from 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 of hydrocarbon pollution in sinkholes of Quintana Roo are presented for two vacational seasons: “High” (July) and “Low” (October). Anthracene, Benzo[a]pyrene and Pyrene were found to be the main hydrocarbon contaminants and these poly aromatics hydrocarbons are strongly related to pollution by asphalt. Tourism contributes to hydrocarbon pollution in the sinkholes of Quintana Roo in two main ways: runoff of fuel from cars and, principally, from annual asphalting. Additionally, in this paper we conduct a cluster analysis to classify the pollution grade of the sinkholes. Clustering can be used to observe and interpret the cause of vacational seasonal pollution produced by tourism.     

The atmospheric carbon resilience problem: A theoretical analysis

We study a dynamic carbon pollution model where carbon accumulates both inside a nonrenewable and a renewable reservoir with a constant regeneration rate. Two primary energy sources are available: a cheap exhaustible fossil fuel (coal) and an expensive clean energy alternative (solar). To avoid catastrophic climate events, the global carbon concentration has to remain below some critical mandated ceiling. We show that there exists an upper bound on the coal endowment that can be consumed, which distinguishes two main cases: coal is initially abundant or scarce. If the energy sector has to provide a constant aggregate energy flow to the final users, cost-effectiveness requires that the global ceiling should be attained only when solar energy is introduced. Then the economy stays forever at the ceiling and coal use is progressively replaced by solar energy use. In the abundant coal case, this energy sources substitution process lasts for an infinite duration while in the scarce coal case, coal exploitation ends in finite time. Under a welfare maximization criterion, if coal is abundant, we show that the economy may follow a sequence of phases at the ceiling and below the ceiling before the final transition towards clean energy.     

Does complex hydrology require complex water quality policy?

Nonpoint‐source water pollution is frequently considered intractable because it is hard to regulate large numbers of small sources and because the science associated with assessing the impact of each source is complex. New Zealand has demonstrated that it is possible to implement a simple cap‐and‐trade system to help reduce nitrogen leaching from many small farms and thereby protect water quality. This paper relates to the second challenge: are complex regulatory systems worthwhile when nitrogen delivery is complex? When nitrogen moves through groundwater to a lake, leaching from different farms reaches the lake at different times and the damage caused is temporally differentiated. Policy that regulates farmers according to the timing of their nitrogen delivery will be more complex than policy that does not. Whether the gain in efficiency justifies this additional complexity can be assessed through modelling. We use an integrated model to estimate the gains from complex nitrogen regulation that incorporates groundwater delivery times relative to simple nitrogen regulation that does not. We find that the gains from more complex regulation are small in the catchment we study and cannot justify the additional complexity required. A sensitivity analysis enables us to identify the types of catchments where complex regulation may be worthwhile.